Human Cardiovascular ControlThis is a new and comprehensive analysis of reflex and hormonal control of the human cardiovascular system that grew out of Rowell's 1986 volume, Human Circulation: Regulation During Physical Stress, and incorporates more recent findings. The goal is to assist students, physiologists and clinicians to understand control of pressure, vascular volume, and blood flow by examining the cardiovascular system during orthostasis and exercise, two stresses that most affect these variables. These stresses are employed to analyze the passive properties of the vascular system and provide a basis for a detailed examination of how these properties are modified by mechanical, neural, and humoral factors. Interactive effects of the vasculature on cardiac performance are stressed to underline the importance of autonomic control supplemented by muscle pumping to maintain adequate ventricular filling pressure, particularly during exercise. Limitations in cardiac pumping ability, in oxygen diffusion from lungs to blood and from blood to active muscle, in metabolism, and in neural control of organ blood flow are analyzed to explain how total oxygen consumption is limited. The unsolved mystery is the nature of signals that govern the cardiovascular responses to exercise. This is discussed in a new and critical synthesis of ideas and evidence concerning the specific "error signals" that are sensed and then corrected by activation of cardiac and vascular effectors during exercise. |
Contents
Passive Effects of Gravity | 3 |
Reflex Control During Orthostasis | 37 |
NeuralHumoral Adjustments to Orthostasis and LongTerm | 81 |
Orthostatic Intolerance | 118 |
Central Circulatory Adjustments to Dynamic Exercise | 162 |
Control of Regional Blood Flow During Dynamic | 204 |
Control of Blood Flow to Dynamically Active Muscles | 255 |
Conditioning | 288 |
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Common terms and phrases
active muscle afferents aortic arterial baroreflex arterial pressure baroreceptors baroreflex beats min¯¹ blockade blood pressure blood volume capillary cardiac output cardiovascular responses cardiovascular system carotid sinus caused central command central venous pressure changes Chapter circulation colleagues compliance coronary cutaneous denervation dogs dynamic exercise effects fall fibers Figure filling pressure forearm heart rate humans hypoxemia increase isometric contractions left ventricular levels lower body suction maximal metabolic mmHg MSNA muscle blood flow muscle chemoreflex muscle pump neural norepinephrine normal occlusion orthostasis orthostatic orthostatic intolerance outflow oxygen content oxygen uptake percent of MVC perfusion peripheral Physiol plasma Po₂ pressor response PRESSURE mm Hg pulmonary reduced reflex regions renal renin respiratory rest rise in arterial Rowell Saltin skeletal muscle skin blood flow splanchnic blood stress stroke volume supine sympathetic activity sympathetic nerve sympathetic nerve activity temperature tion tissue transmural pressure upright posture vagal vascular resistance vasoconstriction vasodilation vasopressin veins vessels Vo2max
Popular passages
Page 480 - Shepherd, JT 1966. Circulatory effects of stimulating the carotid arterial stretch receptors in man at rest and during exercise.