Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet UnionAli M. Mansoor, Bryce Quillin Migration in Eastern Europe and Central Asia is relatively large by international standards, driven both by political factors (the 1990 collapse of the Soviet system, ensuing emergence of conflicts and new states, and opening of borders with Europe) and economic factors (abrupt economic deterioration and corresponding search for better employment and living conditions). The report anlayzes the different kinds of migration as well as the policies on both sides of the equation to limit negative side effects (like emargination, criminal activities, and brain drain) and maximize positive ones (increased labor pool for services, remittances, return migration with improved human and financial capital). |
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abroad agreements Albania appendix Armenia Asia Azerbaijan Belarus bilateral Bulgaria capita Central costs Czech decline demand destination differentials Eastern ECA countries economic effect emigration employment estimates ethnic Europe European expected factors figure flows foreign former Georgia Germany groups growth highly households human illegal immigration impact important improve income increase indicate institutions investment Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyz labor labor market Latvia levels Lithuania major ment migration flows million Moldova move movement natural origin patterns percent period persons Poland policies political population positive production receiving receiving countries region remittances represent Republic Romania Russia sending shows significant skilled social Source Soviet Union statistical survey Tajikistan tion trafficking transition Turkey Ukraine undocumented United variable wage Western western ECA Western Europe workers World Bank
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Page 136 - Gross domestic product (GDP) at purchaser prices is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
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Page 138 - Government stability Socioeconomic conditions Investment profile Internal conflict External conflict Corruption Military in politics Religious tensions Law and order Ethnic tensions Democratic accountability Bureaucracy quality B.
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