Planning and Task Performance in a Second LanguageRod Ellis The last decade has seen a growing body of research investigating various aspects of L2 learners performance of tasks. This book focuses on one task implementation variable: planning. It considers theories of how opportunities to plan a task affect performance and tests claims derived from these theories in a series of empirical studies. The book examines different types of planning (i.e. task rehearsal, pre-task planning and within-task planning), addressing both what learners do when they plan and the effects of the different types of planning on L2 production. The choice of planning as the variable for investigation in this book is motivated both by its importance for current theorizing about L2 acquisition (in particular with regard to cognitive theories that view acquisition in terms of information processing) and its utility to language teachers and language testers, for unlike many other constructs in SLA planning lends itself to external manipulation. The study of planning, then, provides a suitable forum for demonstrating the interconnectedness of theory, research and pedagogy in SLA. |
Contents
| 1 | |
| 3 | |
II Task rehearsal | 35 |
2 Integrative planning through the use of taskrepetition | 37 |
III Strategic planning | 75 |
3 What do learners plan? | 77 |
4 The effects of focusing on meaning and form in strategic planning | 111 |
5 The effects of strategic planning on the oral narratives of learners with low and high intermediate L2 proficiency | 143 |
7 Strategic and online planning | 193 |
V Planning in language testing | 217 |
8 Planning for test performance | 219 |
9 Strategic planning task structure and performance testing | 239 |
VI Conclusion | 275 |
10 Planning as discourse activity | 277 |
| 297 | |
| 309 | |
IV Withintask planning | 165 |
6 The effects of careful withintask planning on oral and written task performance | 167 |
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Common terms and phrases
accuracy and complexity analysis ANOVA argumentative task Bonferroni correction Bygate Chapter clauses cognitive communicative complexity and accuracy copula Descriptive statistics discourse effect sizes effects of planning EFL group Ellis ESL learners factor filled pauses fluency formulation Foster and Skehan framing grammatical structures High EFL Hypothesis impact Inter-rater reliability Iwashita jerry Kawauchi L2 learners language learning length of run lexical lexico-grammatical linguistic Low EFL meaning measures monitoring narrative task on-line planning opportunity to plan oral Ortega participants picture PIPT Planned Task pre-task planning pressured processing proficiency level psycholinguistic Reading activity rehearsal reported scores second language second language acquisition significant Skehan and Foster speaking speech production story strategic planning condition suggests syntactic t-tests T-unit Table task performance task planning task repetition task-based tion TOEFL types of planning unpressured variables verbs Walkman within-task planning words writing Yuan