Preventive Female Sex Factors Against the Development of Chronic Liver DiseaseIchiro Shimizu Liver cancer, cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are observed predominately in men. Being male or female is believed to be an important human variable that affects health and liver disease throughout the life span. However, few works have been published on the biological mechanisms underlying gender specific differences in liver disease. Several mechanisms underlying sex-associated differences of progression of liver disease are demonstrated in this e-book based on biological factors as estrogen and hepatic iron stores. Readers will gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these sex-associated differences in liver disease and on how to design healthcare for liver disease more effectively for individuals belonging to both genders. The e-book should be a useful reference on gender specific medicine for counselors and clinicians as well as for patients with chronic liver disease. |
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activity adiponectin alcohol antigen antioxidant antiviral apoptosis blood cell death chronic HBV chronic hepatitis chronic liver disease cirrhosis cirrhotic Clin clinical collagen cytokines endothelial cells estradiol estrogen receptor fat accumulation fatty liver disease female patients Gastroenterol gender difference gene genotype HBsAg HCC development HCC incidence HCV carriers HCV infection HCV RNA hepatic fibrosis hepatic steatosis hepatic stellate cells hepatitis C virus hepatocarcinogenesis hepatocellular carcinoma hepatocytes Hepatol Hepatology hepcidin higher histological HSCs immune response incidence rates increased induced inflammation inflammatory inhibits interferon interleukin-6 iron Japan Kupffer cells leptin lipid peroxidation liver cancer liver fibrosis liver injury lymphocytes macrophages male patients menopause mice monocytes NAFLD nonalcoholic obesity oxidative stress patients with chronic patients with HCC persistently normal PNALT portal postmenopausal prevalence production progesterone proinflammatory protein Puoti risk factors role sex hormones sinusoidal steatohepatitis survival therapy tissue treatment tumor vascular virus infection visceral fat women