Primary Batteries

Henry Smith Carhart

Allyn and Bacon, 1891 - Electric batteries - 193 pages

Contents

• SECTION PAGE 1 Battery defined 112 CO: 1
• primary and secondary: 2
• Origin of the voltaic cell: 3
• Voltas pile: 4
• The dry pile: 5
• CHAPTER II: 7
• Theory of the voltaic element: 8
• Chemical reaction in the simple voltaic cell: 10
• Inconstancy of the simple voltaic cell: 11
• Experiments on the polarization of a simple cell: 12
• CHAPTER III: 15
• Positive and negative work: 16
• Electromotive force: 17
• Relation of electromotive force to difference of potential: 18
• Relation of potential differences to external and internal resistance 2225: 20
• Voltas contact force: 21
• Explanation of the Volta effect: 22
• CHAPTER IV: 27
• The Daniell battery: 28
• Chemical reactions in the Daniell cell: 30
• Chemical reactions of the cell in relation to energy: 32
• Local action and amalgamation: 33
• The effect of amalgamation: 34
• Relative protection of alloying and amalgamating: 35
• Defects of the Daniell cell: 36
• The effect of temperature changes on a Daniell battery: 37
• The gravity battery: 38
• The Gethins battery: 40
• Delanys modified gravity cell: 41
• Sir William Thomsons tray battery: 42
• Groves battery: 43
• Bunsens battery: 46
• The bichromate battery: 47
• Chemical reactions in the bichromate battery: 49
• The advantages of sodium bichromate over potassium bichro mate: 50
• Directions for setting up a bichromate battery: 51
• The Fuller bichromate cell: 53
• The Partz acid gravity battery: 55
• Taylors battery: 57
• The copper oxide battery: 58
• The EdisonLalande battery: 60
• The chloride of silver cell: 62
• Modifications of the silver chloride cell: 64
• CHAPTER V: 66
• Chemical reactions in the Leclanché cell: 68
• The prism Leclanché battery: 69
• The closed Leclanché cell: 71
• Leclanché cells with carbon cup: 73
• SECTION PAGE 50 Leclanché cell with agglomerated carbon: 74
• The sulphate of mercury battery: 75
• The Fitch chlorine battery: 76
• CHAPTER VI: 78
• The sea salt battery: 79
• The Law battery: 80
• Cylinder carbon battery: 82
• The Gassner dry battery: 83
• CHAPTER VII: 86
• Lord Rayleighs form of the Clark element: 87
• A standard Clark cell with low temperature coefficient: 90
• The oxide of mercury standard cell: 95
• Sir William Thomsons standard Daniell cell: 97
• Lodges standard Daniell cell: 98
• Flemings standard Daniell cell: 99
• The chloride of lead standard cell: 102
• To measure the E M F of a standard cell: 103
• CHAPTER VIII: 106
• Upwards chlorine battery: 109
• Powells thermoelectrochemical battery: 110
• A battery absorbing oxygen from the air: 111
• Minchins selenoaluminum cell: 112
• Shelford Bidwells dry battery: 113
• Jablochkoffs battery: 114
• BATTERY TESTS SECTION PAGE 77 What a systematic test includes: 115
• Theory of the method of measuring E M F and internal resistance: 116
• To obtain data for curves of polarization recovery internal resistance and current: 119
• Test of a typical Leclanché cell: 121
• Test of Leclanché cell with depolarizer enclosed in carbon cylinder: 124
• Test of zinccarbon cell without depolarizer: 127
• Test of a dry cell: 128
• Test of a silver chloride cell: 130
• Efficiency test of copper oxide battery: 131
• Testing battery designed for small lamps: 134
• Analysis of the temperature coefficient of a battery: 136
• Thermoelectric power of coppercopper sulphate: 141
• Application to a Daniell cell: 142
• Temperature coefficient of a Daniell cell: 145
• Thermoelectric power of mercurymercurous sulphate: 146
• The experimental cell as a Clark cell: 149
• Electromotive forces of various combinations: 151
• Relative value of oxidants in batteries: 153
• Manganese dioxide in Leclanché cells: 155
• CHAPTER X: 157
• Cells in series: 158
• Grouping in parallel or multiple arc: 159
• Grouping in multiple series: 160
• Grouping of a battery for quickest action: 161
• Grouping together dissimilar cells: 164
• THERMAL RELATIONS SECTION PAGE 105 General considerations: 166
• Units of force work activity and heat: 168
• The heat equivalent of a current: 169
• Heat evolved in a circuit with no counter electromotive force: 170
• Counter electromotive force in a circuit: 172
• Division of the energy in a circuit with counter electromotive force: 173
• Failure of a cell to effect decomposition: 175
• Calculation of E M F from the heat of combination: 176
• Application to the Smee cell: 178
• Application to the Daniell cell: 179
• Application to the silver chloride cell: 180

Popular passages

Page 164 - The total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible.‎

Page 58 - The copper oxide is employed in the form of a compressed slab, which, with its connecting copper support, serves also as the negative plate.‎

Page 164 - In fact the doctrine of the Conservation of Energy is the one generalized statement which is found to be consistent with fact, not in one physical science only, but in all. When once apprehended it furnishes to the physical inquirer a principle on which he may hang every known law relating to physical actions, and by which he may be put in the way to discover the relations of such actions in new branches of science.‎

Page 83 - Charcoal, 3 parts ; mineral carbon or graphite, 1 part ; peroxide of manganese, 3 parts...‎

Page 83 - ... glucose and dextrine or starch 1 part, all by weight. These are intimately mixed dry, and then worked into a paste of proper consistency with a...‎

Page 167 - If we take as the unit of heat the heat required to raise one gramme of water from 0° C. to 1° C., and if t be measured in seconds, then H = 0-239 114.‎

Page xi - No. 1, next page.) We will have frequent cause to refer to this table later, but as we will proceed from the ground up, we will now start in and describe the different batteries. An electric battery, or cell, as a single element is called, is a device for the conversion of the potential energy of chemical separation into the energy of an electric current. Thus the metal zinc on which sulphuric acid acts chemically represents energy of chemical separation in the potential form. If now the zinc is...‎

Page 166 - The unit of work is the erg. It is the work done by a dyne in producing a displacement of one centimetre in the direction of the force.‎

Page 156 - The positive and negative section« are fixed in position with insulating forks or tubes, and the positive terminal of one cell is joined to the negative of the next by burning or bolting.‎

Page 49 - The acid should always be poured into the water, and not the water into the acid. A glass, or other acid-proof vessel, thoroughly cleaned, should be used for mixing the electrolyte.‎

Bibliographic information

• Title: Primary Batteries
• Author: Henry Smith Carhart
• Publisher: Allyn and Bacon, 1891
• Original from: the University of California
• Digitized: Nov 28, 2007
• Length: 193 pages