Quality Assessment of Textiles: Damage Detection by Microscopy

Karl Mahall

Springer Science & Business Media, 2003 - Science - 238 pages

The damage that can occur in certain fibrous raw materials or in textiles during their production and storage of textiles is expertly described in this book by Karl Mahall. In particular, he explains methods for finding concealed textile defects by using microscopic analysis.
Besides minor improvements and corrections, the new edition contains a new chapter "Poultry Feathers as Filling Material for Bedding and Textiles - Analysis of Faults." The reason for its inclusion is that natural feathers and down are not only used as a filling material for bedding but also for garments, such as anoraks, coats and sleeping bags.
This book is especially useful as a manual for both chemical and textile engineers and quality engineers. It is also a useful reference for others in the textile industry in general.

Contents

• 1 Fundamentals and Priming: 1
• 12 Preliminary Examination of Textile Test Material: 2
• 14 Preparation of Negative Imprints with the Size of Microscope Slides: 3
• 15 Preparation of Negative Imprints of Fibers and Yarns on Thermoplastic Films: 6
• 161 Detection of Dyeing Unlevelness with the Aid of the Replication Method Practical Example: 14
• 162 Detection of Oil andor Grease Soiling on Textile Fabrics: 15
• 2 Chemical Damage: 18
• 212 Alkaline Damage to Wool and WoolLike Natural Fibers: 23
• 2722 Strength Loss in Wool Caused by Alkalinely Reacting Untreated Yam Practical Example: 30
• 2124 Limits of the Pauly Reaction Strong Alkaline Damage: 31
• 214 Chlorine Damage to Wool: 34
• 2141 Chlorination of a Wool Carpet Gold Afghan Increase of Luster Gold Effects Practical Example: 35
• 22 Chemical Damage to Silk: 37
• 222 Detection of Chemical Damage to Silk with Pauly Reagent: 41
• 223 Control of the Degumming Effect: 42
• 23 Chemical Damage to Cotton: 43
• 232 Detection of Oxycellulose and Hydrocellulose: 50
• 233 Bleaching Damage Due to Catalysts: 53
• 234 Different Phenomena of Catalytic Bleaching Damage: 55
• 2341 Holes and Tears in a Bleached Cotton Fabric Practical Example: 58
• 24 Chemical Damage to Synthetics: 59
• 242 Detection of AcidDamaged Polyamide Fibers by Means of Imprints Practical Example: 62
• 244 Polyester Fabric with Acid Damage Practical Example: 63
• 245 Detection of Saponified Acetate Fibers: 66
• 3 Mechanical Damage: 68
• 313 Light Stains on a Wool Cloth Caused by Mechanical Damage During Shearing Practical Example: 70
• 315 Mechanical Damage to Wool Fibers Caused by Wool Pests: 71
• 33 Mechanical Damage to Cotton: 74
• 333 Graying of a Dyed Cotton Fabric After Extended Use: 76
• 335 Darker Colored Streaks Due to Squashed Cotton Fibers Practical Example: 78
• 34 Mechanical Damage to Cellulose Regenerated Fibers Graying During Dyeing on the Winch Practical Example: 83
• 351 Graying of a Carpet Made of Acrylic Fibers Practical Example: 85
• 4 Thermal and ThermoMechanical Damage to Synthetics: 87
• 413 Graying in a Woven Fur Made of Polyvinyl Chloride and Acrylic Fibers After Drying Practical Example: 89
• 414 Thermal Deformations During Texturizing: 91
• 416 Singeing Damage to Synthetic Fibers: 93
• 4162 Stain Formation and FilmLike Coating Due to Thermally Deformed FlatRolled Polyester Fibers Practical Example: 95
• 4164 Strength Loss After Singeing Due to Melting of Polyester Fibers Practical Example: 98
• 417 Damage Caused by Ironing: 99
• 421 Streaks in a Piece of Knitwear Caused by Acrylic Fibers with ThermoMechanical Damage Practical Example: 102
• 424 Thermal Deformation of Polyester Fibers as a Result of Excessive Spinning Speeds Practical Example: 104
• 43 Thermal Damage to Synthetic Fibers Due to Impact: 106
• 432 Light Streaks in a Black Dyed Polyester Fabric Due to Warp Splashes Practical Example: 108
• 441 Thermally Bonded Cut Ends in Polyamide Short Staple: 111
• 444 Streak Formation in a Velour Carpet Made of Polypropylene Practical Example: 114
• 5 Streaks and Bars in Textile Fabrics Due to Yarn Differences and Technological Reasons: 117
• 51 Streaks Due to Variations in the Yarn Volume or Yarn Count: 119
• 514 Streaks and Bars in Cotton Fabrics Due to Varying Hairiness of the Weft Yarn Practical Example: 122
• 516 Warp Streakiness in a PolyesterWool Fabric Due to Differences in Yarn Twist Practical Example: 124
• 52 Streaks and Bars Parallel to Threads Due to Yarn Mixture Errors: 127
• 523 Streaks in an Acrylic Fiber Fabric Due to Yarns of Different Origin Practical Example: 130
• 525 Dye Unlevelness in Cotton Pieces Due to Yarns Manufactured According to Different Spinning Processes Practical Example: 133
• 527 Warp Streaks in a BlackDyed Wool Fabric Practical Example: 135
• 531 Streaks Due to Incorrect Mercerization Practical Example: 137
• 534 Warp Streaks Due to Incorrect Texturing Practical Example: 140
• 541 Streaks Parallel to the Threads in a Tufted Carpet Made of Pure Wool Caused by a Deeper Set Tuft Row Practical Example: 141
• 543 Streak Formation in a Woven WalltoWall Carpet Due to Yam Differences Practical Example: 143
• 545 Streakiness in a Viscose Staple Plush Due to Yarn Differences Practical Example: 145
• 6 Causes of the Formation of Tight Threads and Their Effects: 146
• 612 Tight Threads in the Warp of a Wool Fabric Practical Example: 147
• 62 Tight Picks in a Fabric Made of Viscose Practical Example: 150
• and Encrustations on the Fiber Material: 153
• 711 Dye Resisting Effects of a Polyamide Fabric Practical Example: 156
• 714 Detection of Oil andor Grease Soiling on Polyester: 157
• 72 Detection of Oil Grease Wax and Paraffin Deposits by Means of Film Imprints: 160
• 723 Streak Formation in Knitwear Caused by Uneven Paraffination Practical Example: 161
• 731 Reserved Areas in a PolyesterCotton Fabric Due to Resin Deposits Practical Example: 163
• 733 Pigment Soiling on a Plyed Yarn Made of Acrylic Fibers Practical Example: 164
• 74 Detection of FilmForming Products and FilmLike Deposits by Means of Imprints: 167
• 742 Wool Fabric Showing Chalky Marks when Scratched Caused by the Backing Practical Example: 169
• 744 Deposits of Sizing Agent on the Weft Yarns of a PolyesterCotton Fabric Practical Example: 172
• 751 Evaluation of Sizing Agent Distribution on Yarn CrossSections by Staining of the Starch Sizing Agent with Iodine Solution: 173
• 753 Detection of Durable Antistatics by Staining: 176
• 8 Other Defects in the Quality of Textiles: 179
• 83 Small Light Spots Caused by Trapped air Bubbles During the Dyeing of Wound Packages: 182
• 86 Darker Specks on Dyed Feather Bed Ticking Due to NonDecomposed Seed Husks Practical Example: 183
• 89 Light Undyed Short Bristly Fibers in a Wool Yarn Practical Example: 186
• 811 Running Marks in a Cotton Tricot Fabric Practical Example: 188
• 814 Light Specks in a Milled Terry Towelling Fabric Due to Dead Cotton Practical Example: 190
• 816 Knitted Goods Sticking Together in Garment Production Due to Hairiness of Cotton Yarn Practical Example: 191
• 9 Microbiological Damage to Fibers: 195
• 911 Mould Attack on Cotton Practical Example: 196
• 912 Mould Attack on Sausage Yarn Made of Hemp Practical Example: 199
• 915 Moulds on a Blended Fabric Made of PolyesterCotton Practical Example: 201
• 917 Moulds on a Polyester Yarn Practical Example: 203
• 919 CrossWound Bobbins Made of Wool with Brownish and Dark Green Mould Stains Practical Example: 205
• 92 Damage Caused by Bacteria: 208
• 921 Bacterial Attack on a Military Cloth Practical Example: 209
• 922 Bacterially Damaged Carpet Yarn Practical Example: 212
• 10 Poultry Feathers as Filling Material for Bedding and Textiles Analysis of Faults: 214
• 102 Detection of damage to poultry feathers: 215
• 1021 Detection of damage to poultry feathers with the Pauly reagent: 216
• References: 222
• Figures: 227
• Subject Index: 231
• Technical Equipment Chemicals Reagents and Dyes for Microscopic Damage Analysis: 235

Popular passages

Page 225 - Horio, M., and Kondo, T. (1953). Crimping of wool fibres. Text. Res.‎

Bibliographic information

• Title: Quality Assessment of Textiles: Damage Detection by Microscopy
• Author: Karl Mahall
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2003
• ISBN: 3540440720, 9783540440727
• Length: 238 pages
• Subjects: Science / Chemistry / General; Technology & Engineering / Engineering (General); Technology & Engineering / Materials Science / General; Technology & Engineering / Technical & Manufacturing Industries & Trades; Technology & Engineering / Textiles & Polymers