Real Costs of Transportation and Influence of Pricing Policies |
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$0.013 per vehicle-kilometer aggregate costs air emissions air pollution Angeles region Area Economic Forum automobile costs average cost Bay Area Economic behavioral changes behavioral shifts Ben-Akiva Berkeley billion California Transportation Center carbon monoxide commute congestion and air congestion externalities congestion pricing cost differences Costs of Transportation electronic collection emit endogenous ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS estimates Federal Highway Administration flexible fuel tax Furthermore genuine congestion Influence of Pricing infrastructure Irvine kilometer latent demand marginal cost menu of alternatives motor-vehicle nitrogen oxides ozone peak period peak users peak-period driving people's percent POLICIES TOWARD CONGESTION Pricing Policies Kenneth pricing schemes real costs recent reduce Region IX reservoir of latent schedule delay shadow prices subsidy technological solutions toll payments toll ring toll roads Transportation and Influence Transportation Center University travel-time delay trends in automobile U.S. Depart U.S. Federal Highway UCTC University of California user taxes value people place vehicle William Vickrey