Recent Advances in Metrology and Fundamental Constants: Varenna on Lake Como, Villa Monastero, 25 July-4 August 2000Terry J. Quinn, T. J. Quinn, Sigfrido Leschiutta, P. Tavella, Società italiana di fisica Over the last decade of the 20th century, many improvements took place in the field of metrology and fundamental constants. These developments and improvements are discussed in this book. The old caesium SI second definition has found a new realization with the fountain approach, replacing the classical thermal atomic beam. The use of cold atom techniques, slowed down and cooled, has opened a number of unexpected avenues for metrology and fundamental constants, one of these possibilities being the atom interferometry. Another development was the demonstration of the possiblility of performing a direct frequency division in the visible, using short femtosecond pulses. Many other developments are also discussed. |
Contents
The fundamental constants and radiometric measurements | 3 |
Units | 4 |
New applications | 6 |
On the number of independent base quantities and units | 10 |
The various faces of the modelling problem | 11 |
S LESCHIUTTA Metrology and the logic of physics | 49 |
The concept of paradigm | 59 |
Some good reasons old and new to further fostering metrology | 65 |
SubDoppler laser cooling | 300 |
G WILKENING Nanometrology | 318 |
133 | 378 |
140 | 384 |
J VANIER | 397 |
1 | 404 |
Impact of atomic frequency standards on the | 444 |
J HELMCKE and F RIEHLE Physics behind the definition of the meter | 453 |
T J QUINN Measurement and society | 73 |
National and international measurement standards | 79 |
Appendix The Metrology doctorate at Politecnico di Torino | 89 |
Accuracy rather than simply reproducibility | 118 |
Hydrogen 1S2S transition | 124 |
31 | 144 |
B W PETLEY III The Planck constant | 154 |
Introduction | 157 |
Deceleration and cooling of an atomic beam | 163 |
67 | 172 |
The QHE and fundamental constants | 181 |
GAVIOSO Determination of the universal gas constant R and other | 195 |
P CANCIO F MINARDI and M INGUSCIO Finestructure constant a | 217 |
S LESCHIUTTA Education in metrology | 237 |
R S DAVIS Mass metrology | 241 |
MARK W KELLER Standards of current and capacitance based on single | 244 |
Models | 263 |
24 | 272 |
Predictive modellinga basic principle for model building | 289 |
History | 537 |
Thermal radiometry | 555 |
Photometric units | 561 |
Traceability | 567 |
Relativity and metrology | 575 |
Schwarzschild | 585 |
MATHEMATICAL MODELS | 613 |
W BICH Estimation and uncertainty in metrology | 653 |
Total least squares | 670 |
Robust alternatives to least squares | 679 |
NEW HORIZONS | 689 |
quantum cryptography | 727 |
Measurement of polarization mode dispersion with attosecond resolu | 733 |
pag | 747 |
Conclusion | 762 |
Ramseytype interferometer with BECs | 773 |
The RG renormalization group approach | 789 |
time scales phase space dimensions and classes A B C | 796 |
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Common terms and phrases
2DEG accurate acoustic array atoms balance base quantities base units BIPM caesium calculated calibration capacitance cavity CGPM charge CIPM CODATA coherent coil compared crystal defined definition determination device dipole electric electromagnetic electron elementary charge energy equations experimental experiments fine-structure constant flux density force frequency fundamental constants gravitational Hall resistance helium hydrogen hyperfine IEEE Trans Instrum interaction interferometer Josephson constant Josephson effect Josephson junctions kilogram laboratories laser cooling Lett magnetic field Meas measurements method metrology microwave molar mass muonium national metrology institutes obtained optical parameters phase Phys physics Planck constant potential proton pulse pump quantized quantum Hall quantum Hall effect radiation ratio realization recommended value resonance silicon symbol system of units TAYLOR B. N. temperature theory thermal transition tunneling uncertainty Universe velocity voltage voltage standard wave wavelength X-ray