Tensile Testing, 2nd EditionJoseph R. Davis |
Contents
Toughness | 127 |
Ductility | 129 |
True StressStrain Relationships | 130 |
Temperature and StrainRate Effects | 131 |
Special Tests | 133 |
Fracture Characterization | 134 |
Summary | 136 |
Tensile Testing of Plastics | 137 |
| 22 | |
| 23 | |
| 24 | |
Sheet Anisotropy | 25 |
Notch Tensile Test | 28 |
Uniaxial Tensile Testing | 33 |
Definitions and Terminology | 34 |
StressStrain Behavior | 36 |
Properties from Test Results | 40 |
General Procedures | 47 |
Test Setup | 54 |
Test Procedures | 56 |
PostTest Measurements | 58 |
Variability of Tensile Properties | 59 |
Tensile Testing Equipment and Strain Sensors | 65 |
Testing Machines | 66 |
Principles of Operation | 68 |
LoadMeasurement Systems | 74 |
StrainMeasurement Systems | 77 |
Gripping Techniques | 83 |
Environmental Chambers | 84 |
Force Verification of Universal Testing Machines | 85 |
Tensile Testing Requirements and Standards | 87 |
Tensile Testing for Design | 91 |
Design for Strength in Tension | 92 |
Design for Strength Weight and Cost | 93 |
Design for Stiffness in Tension | 95 |
Mechanical Testing for Stress at Failure and Elastic Modulus | 97 |
HardnessStrength Correlation | 99 |
Tensile Testing for Determining Sheet Formability | 101 |
Effect of Temperature on Formability | 106 |
Types of Formability Tests | 107 |
PlaneStrain Tensile Testing | 111 |
Tensile Testing of Metals and Alloys | 115 |
Anelasticity | 116 |
Damping | 118 |
Yielding and the Onset of Plasticity | 119 |
The Yield Point | 122 |
GrainSize Effects on Yielding | 123 |
Strain Hardening and the Effect of Cold Work | 124 |
Ultimate Strength | 126 |
Fundamental Factors that Affect Data from Tensile Tests | 138 |
Stipulations in Standardized Tensile Testing | 144 |
Utilization of Data from Tensile Tests | 150 |
Summary | 152 |
Tensile Testing of Elastomers | 155 |
Factors Influencing Elastomer Properties | 156 |
ASTM Standard D 412 | 158 |
Significance and Use of TensileTesting Data | 159 |
Summary | 161 |
Tensile Testing of Ceramics and CeramicMatrix Composites | 163 |
Overview of Important Considerations for Tensile Testing of Advanced Ceramics | 164 |
Tensile Testing Techniques | 165 |
Summary | 179 |
Tensile Testing of FiberReinforced Composites | 183 |
Single Filaments and Tows | 185 |
Data Reduction | 191 |
Application of Tensile Tests to Design | 192 |
Tensile Testing of Components | 195 |
Testing of Adhesive Joints | 204 |
Testing of Welded Joints | 206 |
Hot Tensile Testing | 209 |
Equipment and Testing Procedures | 210 |
Hot Ductility and Strength Data from the Gleeble Test | 215 |
Isothermal Hot Tensile Test Data | 220 |
Modeling of the Isothermal Hot Tensile Test | 226 |
Cavitation during Hot Tensile Testing | 230 |
Tensile Testing at Low Temperatures | 239 |
Tensile versus Compression Tests | 241 |
Equipment | 243 |
Tensile Testing Parameters and Standards | 246 |
Temperature Control | 248 |
High Strain Rate Tensile Testing | 251 |
Expanding Ring Test | 254 |
Flyer Plate and Short Duration Pulse Loading | 255 |
The SplitHopkinson Pressure Bar Technique | 257 |
Rotating Wheel Test | 260 |
Glossary of Terms | 265 |
Reference Tables | 273 |
Roomtemperature tensile modulus of elasticity comparisons of various materials | 275 |
| 279 | |
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Common terms and phrases
alloys applied ASM International ASTM axial behavior brittle calibration cavity ceramics Chapter components composites compression configuration cross-sectional area crosshead crosshead speed defined definition determined difficult ductility effect elastic limit elastic modulus elastomers elongation extensometer failure fastener first fixture flat flaws flow stress force fracture gage length gage section grips Hot Tensile Testing imen increase influence initial laminate load cell material Mechanical Testing metals and alloys modulus of elasticity necking notch perature plastic deformation polymers range ratio reduced reduction in area sample shear sheet shown in Fig significant sile spec specific Standard Test Method steel strain rate strain-hardening stress-strain curve sufficient superalloys temperature tensile properties tensile specimen tensile strength tensile stress tensile test tension terial test piece test specimen testing machine threaded tion true strain true stress ture typically uniaxial Verification yield point yield strength Young’s modulus
Popular passages
Page 19 - Fracture strength and fracture stress. (Fracture strength is the load at fracture divided by the initial cross-sectional area. Fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the cross-sectional area at time of fracture.) (11) Uniform elongation and method of measurement.