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abundant accumulation acid alteration alumina augite basalt beds calcareous calcite carbonate Carboniferous cavities character chemical clay cleavage colour compact cone consist containing crater crust crystalline rocks crystals deposits depth detritus diabase dolerite dykes earth eruption evidence explosions feet felsite felspar fissures foliated formations fossils fragments geological geologists glass globe gneiss grains granite granular heat hornblende igneous iron lakes land lava layers lime limestone magnesia magnetite mass materials metamorphism mica microliths microscope miles mineral mountain observed occur ocean olivine organic original orthoclase oxide porphyritic portions present probably Q. J. Geol quartz quartz-porphyry regions rise river round sand sandstone schistose schists sediment sedimentary shale sheets siliceous Silurian solid sometimes steam stone strata stratified structure substance sulphur surface temperature terrestrial thick traced trachyte triclinic tuffs usually vapours varieties vast veins vents Vesuvius vitreous volcanic action volcanic cone volcanic rocks weathered