The Elements of morality, including polity. v. 1, Band 1

William Whewell

Harper & Bros., 1859

Inhalt

• INTRODUCTION ELEMENTARY NOTIONS AND DEFINITIONS CHAP I THE REASON 27 Art 1 Human Actions: 27
• Thoughts and Things Sensation and Reflection 3 General and Abstract Conceptions 4 Names of Conceptions 5 Truth and Error General Relations 6 I...: 30
• The Reason Speculative 11 The Understanding: 31
• The Intellect 13 Action 14 Intention 15 Will: 33
• Rules of Action: 34
• The Appetites: 36
• Natural Wants 27 Artificial Wants: 37
• The Affections 28 Tend to Persons 29 Love 30 Kinds of Love 31 Anger: 38
• The Mental Desires 35 Tend to Abstractions: 40
• Memory and Imagination 37 Good Hope and Fear: 41
• Separation of Mental Desires Instinct 39 The Desire of Safety: 42
• Instinct of Selfpreservation: 43
• Desire of Security 42 Desire of Liberty 43 Men at Enmity 44 The Desire of Having: 44
• Things and Persons: 45
• Property is necessary: 46
• The Desire of Family Society 48 The Desire of Civil Society: 47
• Mental Desires include Affections 50 The Need of a Mutual Understanding: 49
• Promises are necessary: 51
• The Desire of Superiority 53 Desire of Equal Rules 54 The Desire of Knowledge: 52
• Knowledge and Reason: 55
• The Moral Sentiments 56 Approbation and Disapprobation 5 The Reflex Sentiments: 56
• Reflex Thought The Desire of being loved: 57
• Our Reason is Ourselves 64 Passion: 58
• The Desire of Esteem: 59
• The Desire of our own Approval: 60
• MORAL RULES EXIST NECESSARILY 59 Art 65 Rules necessary for the Peace of Society 66 Rules necessary for the Action of Man as Man 67 Re...: 61
• RIGHT ADJECTIVE AND RIGHT SUBSTANTIVE: 62
• Means and Ends: 63
• Right relatively used 71 Refers to a superior: 71
• Right absolutely used: 72
• The Supreme Good: 73
• Ought Duty: 74
• Why Ought: 76
• Man a Moral Being: 77
• Rights must exist: 78
• Rights separately proved: 79
• Five Primary kinds of Rights: 80
• Wrong Injury: 81
• Rules with Reasons: 82
• Punishment: 83
• Rights and right: 84
• Obligation: 85
• Obligation and Duty: 86
• Obliged and Ought: 87
• Obligation and Moral Claim: 88
• Perfect and Imperfect Obligation: 89
• Jus the Doctrine of Rights and Obligations: 90
• Duties Virtues Goodness Vice: 91
• Virtuous and vicious internal acts: 92
• Sins 94 The State: 93
• IMMUTABLE MORALITY AND MUTABLE LAW 76: 96
• Idea and Fact in Morality: 97
• Sentiment of Rights 99 Sentiment of Wrongs: 99
• Ryots Serfs Métayers Farmers 136 Feudal System: 103
• Its present influence 138 Quiritarian Ownership 139 Title Conveyance Remedies: 105
• Law and Morality 106 Law seeks to be just: 106
• Roman and English: 107
• Five Classes of Primary Righta: 108
• Rights imperfectly held: 109
• Property and Contract distinct: 110
• Private and Public Wrongs: 111
• VOL I: 112
• Trusts 153 Alienation 154 Succession: 113
• Delivery: 114
• THE RIGHTS OF THE PERSON Art 112 Wrongs against the Person Homicide: 115
• Dangerous Games: 116
• Selfdefence: 117
• Manslaughter: 118
• Murder: 119
• Justifiable Homicide: 120
• Nocturnal Thief: 121
• Provocation: 122
• Accessories: 123
• Duels: 124
• Punishment: 125
• Institution of Marriage to be upheld 177 National Sentiment respecting Marriage: 126
• Riot: 127
• Classes of Men with imperfect Rights: 128
• THE RIGHTS OF PROPERTY Art 129 Property is necessary 130 Moveable Property: 136
• DUTIES OF THE AFFECTIONS 199: 139
• Chains of Rules: 143
• The Reason Practical: 153
• DUTIES CONNECTED WITH PURITY 227: 158
• The Speculative and Practical Reason 22 Development of Mind: 159
• OF THE IDEA OF MORAL GOODNESS: 161
• Instincts 24 Springs of Action Motives: 164
• Kinds of Love The Heart: 171
• Eviction: 172
• Equality Bona Fide: 173
• Stricti Juris Interpretation: 174
• Breach of Contract 115: 175
• Zeal Energy: 177
• Jewish Marriage: 179
• Greek Marriage: 180
• Roman Marriage: 181
• English Marriage: 182
• Husband and Wife: 183
• Adultery: 184
• Rights over Children Roman: 185
• English: 186
• Rape and Seduction Roman: 187
• English: 188
• Inheritance: 189
• Testament Roman: 190
• Limited: 191
• Will English: 192
• Entail: 193
• Legacies: 194
• Dowry Jointure: 195
• Tutor Curator: 196
• Guardian: 197
• Lawful Marriage: 198
• Roman Forms of Marriage: 199
• English Forms of Marriage: 200
• Religious Ceremony of Marriage: 201
• Divorce in Roman: 202
• Divorce in English: 203
• Concubinage: 205
• Filial Affection is a Duty 285 Parental Affection is a Duty 286 Conjugal Affection is a Duty 287 Fraternal Affection is a Duty: 206
• Authority 207 Patriarchal Government: 207
• National Government: 208
• The Supreme Authority: 209
• Constitution The Executive Function: 210
• The Judicial Function: 211
• Rebellion Treason: 213
• International: 214
• Government de Jure and de Facto: 215
• Legislative Body: 216
• Fact of Law and Idea of Justice to be brought to gether: 217
• Law and Justice cannot exist separately: 218
• Interruption of Moral Progress 355 Repentance: 257
• Amendment: 258
• OF CONSCIENCE 259 Art 359 What is Conscience? 360 Synteresis Syneidėsis 361 Conscience the Law 362 Conscience the Witness 363 Conscience...: 263
• To act against Conscience is wrong 365 Is to act according to Conscience always right? 366 Conscience to be enlightened and instructed 367 Aid of ...: 264
• CASES OF CONSCIENCE RESPECTING TRUTH: 267
• To be carefully limited 396 Lie to conceal a Secret 397 Lie to preserve a Mans Life 398 Lies of Necessity 399 Heroic Lies: 282
• Advocates Assertions: 283
• Advocates Profession to be Moral 402 Sellers Concealments 403 The Alexandrian Merchant 404 Promise of Marriage 405 The unlawful Promiso of ...: 287
• Love of Fellowcitizens is a Duty: 288
• Other Relative Duties of Affection: 289
• Duty of Universal Benevolence: 290
• The Human Family: 291
• Duty of Compassion: 292
• And because Necessity destroys deliberation 416 Reference to be had to the persons Moral Cul ture: 293
• We can cultivate our Affections by thoughts of Duty: 294
• By unfolding conceptions of Virtues: 295
• By unfolding the notion of doing Good: 296
• We have never done all that is possible: 298
• Our Moral Culture is a Duty: 299
• Our Moral Progress never terminates: 300
• Strong Moral Principles decide such Conflicts 423 Heroic Acts: 302
• It is our Duty to cultivate Gratitude: 303
• The greatest interruptions are the greatest trans: 304
• The Duty of Moral Culture adds to other Duties: 305
• Moral Perfection is our greatest Good: 306
• OF THINGS ALLOWABLE: 307
• Desires to be directed by a Spirit of Justice 308 And by a Spirit of Moral Purpose: 308
• Duty of Moral Progress in such Spirit: 309
• Wealth is a means of Moral Progress: 310
• For poor as well as rich: 311
• Power to be used for Moral Culture of others: 312
• Lie not 314 Perform Promises: 314
• This Duty regulated by Mutual Understanding: 315
• 439 May be unavoidable 440 If unavoidable they excuse but care is needed 441 Their consequences to be redressed 442 If they arise from Negligen...: 319
• There is a Higher Part of our Nature: 320
• Special Duties of Purity: 321
• Purity of Heart to be cultivated: 322
• Impure Acts especially impede Moral Progress: 323
• Though not forbidden by: 324
• Seduction: 325
• Purity of Youth to be preserved: 326
• The prospect of Marriage a preservative: 327
• HAP XIX PROGRESSIVE STANDARDS OF MORALITY: 328
• Duties and Spirit of Obedience 329 Duties depend on Customs in part: 329
• Duty of Obedience to the Laws: 330
• In many cases the Letter not the Spirit of: 331
• Duties of Command: 332
• Public Duties: 333
• Political Duties of Conservation and Progress: 334
• Duties of Prudence and Wisdom in Command 336 The Duty of Consideration: 336
• Not superseded by right Intention: 337
• The Duty of acting rationally: 338
• The Duty of acting according to Rule: 339
• Property in Land: 340
• Conceptions to be defined: 341
• The Duty of Intellectual Culture: 342
• Especially for Legislators: 343
• And Educators: 344
• Of ourselves and others: 346
• Such progress is possible: 347
• Can never terminate: 348
• Transgression: 349
• Temptation: 350
• Resistance: 351
• Degrees of Guilt: 352
• Measure of Guilt: 353
• Equity is Equality 497 Separation of Justice and Equity 498 Equity not properly defined the judgment of a good man 499 The Prætors power did no...: 355
• Equity does supply some defects in Law in England 502 Fixed rules necessary and necessarily insuf ficient 503 Maxims of Equity: 356
• Æquitas sequitur legem: 357
• In equali jure melior est conditio possidentie: 359
• Qui sentit onus sentire debet et commodum 507 Other Maxims: 360
• The Natural Rights of: 361
• Slavery ancient and modern: 371
• Interpretation of Promises: 377
• Erroneous Promises: 378
• Promises released by the Promisee: 379
• Unlawful Promises: 380
• but the Relative Duty is vio lated: 381
• Promises which become unlawful: 382
• Which Promisee does not think unlawful: 383
• Electors Promise 385 Promise to a Representative: 385
• Promise to be kept after the immoral action: 386
• Contradictory Promises: 387
• Impossible Promises: 388
• Extorted Promises: 389
• Promise to Robbers: 390
• Should the Promise be given: 391
• Analogy of the: 392
• Lies: 393
• Falsehoods under Convention: 394
• MORAL EDUCATION: 401

Beliebte Passagen

Seite 91 - And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.

Seite 129 - I come now, lastly, to speak of the legal consequences of such making, or dissolution. (By marriage the husband and wife are one person in law : that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband : under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs everything...

Seite 130 - In the civil law the husband and the wife are considered as two distinct persons, and may have separate estates, contracts, debts, and injuries: and therefore in our ecclesiastical courts, a woman may sue and be sued without her husband.

Seite 94 - If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution: if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.

Seite 141 - For the canon law, which the common law follows in this case, deems so highly and with such mysterious reverence of the nuptial tie, that it will not allow it to be unloosed for any cause whatsoever, that arises after the union is made.

Seite 372 - A slave is one who is in the power of a master to whom he belongs. The master may sell him, dispose of his person, his industry and his labor. He can do nothing, possess nothing, nor acquire anything but what must belong to his master.

Seite 123 - ... examination to be unsound, the purchaser must immediately return them to the vendor, or give him notice to take them back, and thereby rescind the contract, or he will be presumed to have acquiesced in the quality of the goods.

Seite 133 - English law likewise justifies a woman killing one who attempts to ravish her: and so too the husband or father may justify killing a man who attempts a rape upon his wife or daughter : but not if he takes them in adultery by consent, for the one is forcible and felonious, but not the other.

Seite 93 - But in this, and in every other case of homicide upon provocation, if there be a sufficient cooling-time for passion to subside and reason to interpose, and the person so provoked afterwards kills the other, this is deliberate revenge and not heat of blood, and accordingly amounts to murder.

Seite 342 - Duty by its commands, and repels from wrong doing by its prohibitions ; and to the good, does not command or forbid in vain ; while the wicked are unmoved by its exhortations and warnings. This Law cannot be annulled, superseded, or overruled. No Senate, no People can loose us from it; no Jurist, no Interpreter, can explain it away. It is not one Law at Rome, another at Athens ; one, at present, another at some future time ; but one Law, perpetual and immutable, includes all Nations and all times:):.

Bibliografische Informationen

• Titel: The Elements of morality, including polity. v. 1, Band 1; The Elements of morality, including polity. v. 1, William Whewell
• Autor/in: William Whewell
• Verlag: Harper & Bros., 1859