The FRAGMENT project was conducted in four landscapes - two in Costa Rica ( Cañas and Río Frío ) and two in Nicaragua ( Rivas and Matiguás )in which cattle production is the main economic activity and pastures dominate the landscape .

... dominate most of Costa Rica and Nicaragua are highly deforested and fragmented , but they still retain a heterogeneous and disperse tree cover . This tree cover plays various roles on the farm by providing shade and forage to cattle ...