Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium

Front Cover

As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values.

Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear.

This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.

 

Contents

Part I
17
1 Introduction
19
2 Applying the Guiding Principles Report
37
3 Methodological Considerations
61
Part II
99
Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy
101
Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity
125
Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease
141
Part IV
399
12 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions
401
Acronyms and Abbreviations
421
Open Session Agendas
425
Committees Assessment of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Systematic Review
431
Indicators Not Relevant for Establishing Dietary Reference Intake Values
447
Supplemental Literature Searches
485
Estimates of Potassium and Sodium Intakes from Breast Milk and Complementary Foods
523

Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health
183
Part III
205
Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy
207
Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity
245
Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease
263
Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health
369
Sources of Evidence for Potassium and Sodium Intake Distributions
541
Supplemental Risk Characterization Figures
549
Committee Member Biographical Sketches
557
Dietary Reference Intakes Summary Tables
565
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