EnteroceptorsThis series of concise essays on Enteroceptors is designed to interest the gradu ate student and to stimulate research. Even before the advent of electrophysiological studies, classical physiological techniques had shown the essence of the role of many of the enteroceptors. Thus the monitoring influence of the cardiovascular mechanoreceptors on the heart and on the systemic vascular resistance, the role of the arterial chemoreceptors in hypoxia and the influence of the so-called Hering Breuer stretch receptors on breathing had all been documented. The pioneering work of ADRIAN, BRONK, ZOTTERMAN and others using electroneurographic methods gave a remarkable impetus to the study of the enteroceptors themselves. Nowhere is this better exemplificd than in the case of the afferent end organs of the heart, the respiratory tract and the abdominal and pelvic viscera. The remarkable development of our knowledge of the multiplicity of types of nerve endings from the thoracic and abdominal viscera acquired from electrophysiological studies has refocussed our attention on the histological details of the sites of such receptors. Once more research on the structural side has been accelerated by the question raised by evidence obtained from functional studies. This is well illustrated in the case of the carotid body, where the long cherished belief that the innervated epithelioid cells constitute the chemoreceptor complex is now under attack. The detailed consideration of the functional characteristics of each entero ceptor considered has not occupied our whole attention. |
Contents
Arterial Baroreceptors | |
Pseudo Baroreceptors | |
Ventricular Receptors | |
Pericardial Receptors | |
Arterial Chemoreceptors | |
Function | |
Sensation Mediated by Respiratory Receptors | |
Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi 7 India | |
Introduction | |
Electrophysiological Evidence | |
Peripheral Mechanisms | |
Reflex Evidence | |
Some Sensory and Clinical Correlates | |
Central Thermoreceptors and Thermoregulation | |
References | |
PAINTAL A | |
Methods of Study | |
Smooth Muscle Receptors | |
Natural Variations in Temperature within the Central Nervous | |
Summary and Conclusions | |
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Common terms and phrases
acid Acta action potentials afferent discharge airways Amer animals aortic bodies Arterial chemoreceptors atrial receptors atrium axons baroreceptors BISCOE bladder blood flow blood pressure brain breathing cardiovascular carotid body carotid sinus CASTRO caused chemical chemoreceptor chemoreceptor activity chemoreceptor discharge COLERIDGE conduction velocities contraction deflation distension efferent electrophysiological epithelium evidence excitation frequency of discharge gastric glomus cells histological hypercapnia hypothalamic temperature hypothalamus hypoxia IGGO increase inflation inhibition injection innervation intestine LANDGREN LEEK located Lond lung irritant receptors m/sec mechanoreceptors medullated metabolism mucosa myelinated myelinated fibres NEIL nerve endings nerve fibres neurons osmoreceptors oxygen usage Pacinian corpuscles PAINTAL pCO2 perfusion Physiol physiological pulmonary artery pulmonary stretch receptors PURVES rabbit recorded reflex effects region respiratory response ruminant sensation sensory series tension receptors sinus nerve smooth muscle spikes studies sympathetic threshold tissue TORRANCE trachea type B receptors Type I cells vagus nerve ventricular visceral viscus volume WIDDICOMBE