Introduction to BioelectrodesThis book is the outgrowth of several courses that the author has taught during the last decade at three universities. Most recently, it has served as the principal text for a course offered in the Bioengineering Graduate Program at the University of Wyoming. The book is designed to fill two needs. For the casual reader who just wants to know something about electrodes, it provides a general overview of the types of electrodes available for different uses. For the student, clinician, and researcher, theories are discussed and practical methods are described. Both fabrication methods and techniques for use are presented for a variety of electrodes, as well as electrode systems and configurations. The discussion applies to electrodes in both the stimulating and recording modes. In addition to fabrication and use techniques, there is extensive dis cussion of various problems associated with electrodes. Attention is directed to electrode polarization (both alternating-and direct-current phenomena), electrical noise, and requirements for backup instrumentation such as electronic amplifiers. A brief treatment of signal analysis and filtering tech niques is included to complement the chapter dealing with amplifiers and the discussions of noise. |
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active addition adjusted Ag-AgCl amplifier anode applied associated basic biological bridge capacitance cell Chapter charge chloride circuit components concentration configuration connection constant current density dependent described determined developed direct discussed effect electrical electrode polarization electrolyte equations experimental factors Ferris filter frequency function gain given glass hydrogen impedance increased indicates input interface ionic ions layer lead linear material measurement membrane metal microelectrode necessary noise Normally occurs operation output oxygen phase placed platinized platinum polarization impedance possible potential preamplifier preparation presented problem processes produced pulse R₁ R₂ range reaction recording reduce reference reference electrode relation represents resistance response saline salt sample selectivity shown in Figure signal silver simple solution specific standard stimulating studies surface techniques temperature tube usually V₁ values varies various voltage wire York