Cycles of Invention and Discovery: Rethinking the Endless FrontierCycles of Invention and Discovery offers an in-depth look at the real-world practice of science and engineering. It shows how the standard categories of “basic” and “applied” have become a hindrance to the organization of the U.S. science and technology enterprise. Tracing the history of these problematic categories, Venkatesh Narayanamurti and Toluwalogo Odumosu document how historical views of policy makers and scientists have led to the construction of science as a pure ideal on the one hand and of engineering as a practical (and inherently less prestigious) activity on the other. Even today, this erroneous but still widespread distinction forces these two endeavors into separate silos, misdirects billions of dollars, and thwarts progress in science and engineering research. |
Contents
1 | |
Chapter 2 Boundaries in Science and Engineering Research | 14 |
The Inadequacy of the Linear Model | 20 |
Chapter 4 The Origins of the Basic and Applied Descriptors | 33 |
Chapter 5 The DiscoveryInvention Cycle | 48 |
Chapter 6 Bell Labs and the Importance of Institutional Culture | 70 |
Chapter 7 Designing Radically Innovative Research Institutions | 99 |
Chapter 8 The Need for a Radical Reformulation of ST Policy | 130 |
Chapter 9 Moving Forward in Science and Technology Policy | 142 |
Abbreviations | 151 |
Notes | 153 |
159 | |
Acknowledgments | 163 |
165 | |