Bioengineering--biomedical, Medical, and Clinical Engineering |
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active-state active-state tension agonist antagonist muscle axon behavior bioengineering biological biomedical Bode diagram cell circuit closed-loop system constant control system controller signal curves dashpot derived devices diodes dynamic overshoot electrical electrode equation example eye position feedback fibers Figure filters force-velocity relationship frequency glissadic glissadic overshoot Goldman equation half-cell potential Hodgkin-Huxley model homeomorphic Human Movement human saccades increase instrument Laplace transform leakage current length length-tension linear second-order system loop measured membrane potential motoneurons msec muscle force muscle spindle myosin neuronal neutral nonlinear normal Nyquist plot open-loop system operational amplifier output parameters patient leads peak velocity phase plug poles produce pulse width R₁ receptacle reciprocal innervation model resistor saccadic eye movements sensitivity function series elasticity shown in Fig simulate Stark step response technique temperature tendon organs transfer function U-ground variable vergence voltage wire zero