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a-particles apparatus Argon atomic weight attraction B-rays cathode rays charge carried chemical conductor considerable corresponding cubic centimetre deduced deflection determine direction discharge tube distance electric field electrical conductivity electrical mass electro-magnetic electro-negative electro-positive electrometer electronic charge elements emitted energy equal equation experimental experiments Faraday tube free electrons gases give given heat helium Hence hydrogen atom increased ionisation ions kinetic theory light lines liquid magnetic field Mercury atom metal method molecular molecular physics motion moving negative electron number of electrons number of molecules number of particles parabolas pass path phenomena polonium positive charge positive particle positive rays potential present pressure produced Professor Sir J. J. properties quantity radiation radioactive radium ratio right angles seen shown single charge Sir J. J. Thomson sodium space spectra spectrum speed sphere substance Table temperature thermal conductivity uranium vapour velocity vibrations volume willemite ZEEMAN EFFECT