the only Culture they will require, is, to prune off the ftraggling Shoots, and keep the Ground clean about them. The Plants delight in a fandy Soil, not over-rich, and fhould be placed amongst Shrubs of a middling Growth; for they rarely grow above fifteen or fixteen Feet high in England, but are very hardy in respect to Cold. TAMNUS; The Black-briony. It is Male and Female in different Plants; the Flowers of the Male Plant confift of one Leaf, and are bell-shaped, but these are barren ; the Embryo's are produced on the Female Plants, which afterwards becomes an oval Berry, including roundish Seeds. To thefe Notes fhould be added, That thefe Plants have no Clafpers, as the Whitebriony bath. We have but one Species of this Plant in England; viz. TAMNUS racemofa, flore minore luteo pallefcente. Tourn. The common Black-briony. This Plant is rarely cultivated in Gardens, but grows wild under Hedges in divers Parts of England, and is there gathered for Medicinal Ufe. It may be eafily propagated by fowing the Seeds, foon after they are ripe, under the Shelter of Bushes, where, in the Spring, the Plants will come up, and fpread their Branches over the Bushes, and fupport themselves, requiring no farther Care; and their Roots will abide many Years in the Ground, without decaying. TANACETUM; Tanfy. The Characters are ; It hath a flofculous Flower, conFifting of many Florets, divided into feveral Segments fitting on the Embryo, and contained in a fquamous and hemifpherical Empalement; the Embryo afterwards becomes a Seed, not at all downy. To thefe Notes must be added, Thick Flowers gathered into a kind of Head. The Species are ; 1. TANACETUM vulgare luteum. C. B. P. Common Tanfy. 2. TANACETUM foliis crifpis. C. B. P. Curled or Double Tanfy. 3. TANACETUM vulgare, foliis variegatis. Common Tanfy, with ftriped Leaves. 4. TANACETUM vulgare luteum maximum. Boerh. Ind. The largest common Tanfy. 5. TANACETUM Africanum arborefcens, foliis lavendulæ, multifido folio. H. Am. African fhrubby Tanfy, with Leaves like the multifid Lavender. The first and fecond Sorts are very common in England, being promifcuously cultivated in Gardens for the Ufe of the Kitchen but the first fhould be propagated for Medicinal Ufe. The third Sort is a Variety of the first, which is by fome preserved for the fake of its variegated Leaves. The fourth Sort is very like the common in Appearance; but' is much larger, and has lefs Scent. All these Sorts are easily propagated by their creeping Roots, which, if permitted to remain undisturbed, will in a fhort time over-spread the Ground where they are planted; fo that the Slips should be placed at least a Foot asunder, and in particular Beds, where the Paths round them may be often dug, to keep their Roots within Bounds. They may be tranfplanted either in Spring or Autumn, and will thrive in almost any Soil or Situation. The common Tanfy is greatly ufed in the Kitchen early in the Spring, at which Season that which is in the open Ground, or especially in a cold Situation, is hardly forward enough to cut; fo that where this is much wanted at that Season, it is the best way to make a gentle Hot-bed in December, and plant the old Roots thereon, without parting them, and arch the Bed over with Hoops, to cover it with Mats in cold Weather; by which Method the Tanfy will come up in January, and be fit to cut in a fhort time after. The fifth Sort was brought from the Cape of Good Hope, and is preferved in the Gardens of thofe who are curious in collecting Exotic Plants. This may be propagated by planting Cuttings or Slips, during any of the Summer-months, upon a Bed of light rich Earth, obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root; after which they may be taken up, and planted in Pots filled with light frefh Earth, placing them in a fhady Situation, until they have taken new Root; and then they may be exposed in an open Place, amongst ather Exotic Plants, until the Beginning of October, when they must be removed into the Greenhoufe, obferving to place them in the coolest Part thereof, and as near the Windows as poffible, that they may enjoy the free Air in mild Weather; otherwise they will draw up weak, and be liable to grow mouldy, and decay. Quantity of Flowers, which commonly appear early in the Spring, and thereby greatly add to the Variety of the Green-house. They must alfo be frequently watered; but in very cold Weather they must not have too mnch Water given them at each time, tho' in Summer they fhould have it in Plenty. With this Management (together with obferving to fhift them into larger Pots, as they fhall require it) the Plants will grow large, and produce a great TAN, or TANNERS BARK, is the Bark of the Oak-tree, chopped and ground into coarse Powder, to be used in Tanning or Dreffing of Skins; after which it is of great Ufe in Gardening: Firft, by its Fermentation, (when laid in a Body) which is always moderate, and of a long Duration, which renders it of great Service to Hot-beds; and fecondly, after it is well rotted, it becomes excellent Manure for all Sorts of cold ftiff Land, upon which one Load of Tan is better than two of the beft rotten Dung, and will continue longer in the Ground. The Ufe of Tan for Hot-beds has not been very many Years known in England, and was brought over first from Holland, where it had been long used for those Purpofes: I have been informed, that it was first used in England for raising Orange-trees, which was about the Beginning of King William's Reign; but it was difufed long after that, and it is within fifteen or fixteen Years paft, that it was again brought into Ufe, for raifing the Pine-apple; fince which time it has yearly grown more in Ufe for Hotbeds; and I doubt not but in a few Years it will be generally ufed for thofe Purposes, where-ever it can be procured easily. There are commonly two or three Sorts of Tan, which are ground into Powder of different Sizes, fome being in very grofs Pieces, and others are ground very fine: thefe are different in their Effects, when laid to ferment; for the fmall Sort will heat more violently, but will lofe its Heat in a short time; but the large Sort, being moderate in Fermentation, does continue its Heat a long time: fo that whoever make a Hot-bed of Tan, muft proportion a Mixture of each Sort according as they would have their Beds work; for if they intend to have a moderate Heat, and can stay a Fortnight or three Weeks for its beginning to ferment, they should use but very little small Bark but where the Heat is wanted fooner, there fhould be a larger Proportion of the small Bark. This Tan fhould be taken in a Fortnight's time after it comes out of the Pit, and laid up in a round Heap for a Week, to drain (efpecially if it be in Winter or Spring, while the Seafon is moist); after which it may be put into the Trench where the Hot-bed is defigned, which fhould be bricked on the Sides quite round, to prevent the Earth from mixing with the Bark. Thefe Trenches fhould be proportioned to the Size of the Frames which are to cover them, and the Depth in the Ground according to the Moisture of the Place where they are fituated; for if the Ground is very wet, the Bed fhould be raised above the Surface of the Ground, because, if ever the Water rifes into the Bark, it will cool it fo much as not to be brought again to its former Heat, without taking it out of the Trench again, and fresh mixing it up. The Thicknefs which the Bark fhould be laid in the Trench, must not be less than three Feet, and the Width four Feet; for where it is laid in a lefs Body, it feldom heats; and if it is forced by laying hot Dung under it, (as is fometimes practifed) the Heat will foon decay in laying the Bark into the Trench, you should be careful to ftir up every Part of it, that it may not fettle in Lumps; as alfo to prefs it down gently, but by no means tread or beat it down too clofe, which will prevent its heating. Then the Glaffes fhould be placed over the Bed immediately after it is finished, which fhould be kept clofe down, in order to draw a Heat in the Bark, and to prevent Wet from falling thereon: in a Fort--night's time after, the Bark will begin to heat; and when it is found of a due Temper, the Plants may be removed into it. A Hot-bed well prepared with this Tan, will continue à moderate Heat upward of fix Months; and there being very little Steam arifing from it, in comparison to Horfedung, renders it much better for the Growth of all Sorts of Plants and when the Heat begins to decay, if the Tan be fresh ftirred up, and a little new added to it, it will heat again, and continue fome Months longer. The farther particular Directions for the Management of these Hot-beds being already exhibited under the Article of Hot-beds, the Reader is defired to turn back to that for farther. Inftructions. TARRAGON; vide Drach Herba. TAXUS; The Yew-tree. The Characters are ; It hath amentaceous Flowers, which confift of many Apices, for the most part shaped like a Mushroom, and are barren; but the Embryo's (which are produced at remote Distances on the fame Tree) do afterwards become hollow bell-shaped Berries, which are full of Juice, and include Seeds fomewhat like Acorns, having, as it were, a little Cup to each. The The Species are; 1. TAXUS. J. B. The common Yew-tree. 2. TAXUS folio latiori, magifque fplendente. Boerh. Ind. Yew-tree with a broader and more shining Leaf. 3. TAXUS foliis variegatis. H. R. Par. The Yew-tree with ftriped Leaves. The two firft Sorts are often promiscuously cultivated in Gardens, without Diftinction; but the third is preserved by fome for the fake of its variegated Leaves: though there is very little Beauty in them; for during the Summer-feafon, when the Plants are in Vigour, the Stripes in the Leaves are hardly to be perceived, but in Winter they are more obvious; however, the Stripe being rather a Blemish, than any real Beauty, it is hardly worth preferving. There is hardly any Sort of evergreen Tree which has been fo generally cultivated in the English Gardens, upon the account of its being fo tonfile, as to be with Eafe reduced into any Shape the Owner pleafed and it may be too often feen, efpecially in old Gardens, what a wretched Tafte of Gardening did generally prevail, from the monftrous Figures of Beafts, &c. we find thefe Trees reduced into; but of late this Tafte has been juftly exploded by many Perfons of fuperior Judgment for what could be more abfurd, than the former Methods of planting Gardens ? where, in the Part next the Habitation, were crouded a large Quantity of thefe and other Sorts of ever-green Trees, all of which were fheared into fome trite Figure or other; which, befides the obftructing the Profpe&t from the House, occafioned an annual Expeece to render the the Trees difagreeable. For there never was a Perfon who had confidered the Beauty of a Tree in its natural Growth, with all its Branches diffused on every Side, but muft acknowledge fuch a Tree infinitely more beautiful, than any of thofe fhorn Figures, fo much ftudied by Perfons of a groveling Imagination. The only Ufe I would recommend this Tree for in Gardens, is to form Hedges for the Defence of Exotic Plants; for which Purpose it is the moft proper of any Tree in Being: the Leaves being small, the Branches are produced very clofely together; and if carefully fhorn, they may be rendered fo clofe, as to break the Winds better than any other Sort of Fence whatever, because they will not be reverberated, as against Walls, Pales, and other close Fences, and fo confequently are much to be preferred for fuch Purposes. The Trees may be eafily propagated by fowing their Berries in Autumn, as foon as they are ripe, (without clearing them from the Pulp which furrounds them, as hath been frequently directed) upon a Bed of fresh undunged Soil, covering them over about half an Inch thick with the fame Earth. In the Spring the Bed muft bẹ carefully cleared from Weeds, and if the Seafon prove dry, it will be proper to refresh the Bed with Water now-and-then, which will promote the Growth of the Seeds, many of which will come up the fame Spring, but others will remain in the Ground until the Autumn or Spring following; but where the Seeds are preferved above Ground 'till Spring before they are fown, the Plants will never come up 'till the Year after; fo that by fowing the Seeds as foon as they are ripe, there is many times a whole Year faved. These Plants, when they come up, fhould be conftantly cleared from Weeds, which if permitted to grow amongst thein, would cause their Bottoms to be naked, and many times deftroy the Plants, when they continue long undifturbed. In this Bed the Plants may remain two Years; after which, in the Spring of the Year, there fhould be a Spot of fresh undunged Soil prepared, into which the Plants fhould be removed the Beginning of April, placing them in Beds about four or five Feet wide, planting them in Rows about a Foot afunder, and fix Inches Distance from each other in the Rows; obferving to lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground about their Roots, as also to water them in dry Weather until they have taken Root; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds in Summer, and to trim them according to the Purpose for which they are defigned. In thefe Beds they may remain two or three Years, according as they have grown; when they should be again removed into a Nursery, placing them in Rows at three Feet Distance, and the Plants eighteen Inches asunder in the Rows, obferving to do it in the Spring, as was before directed, and continue to trim them in the Summer-season, according to the Defign for which they are intended; and after they have continued three or four Years in this Nursery, they may be tranf planted where they are to remain, always obferving to remove them in the Spring. The Species are; 1. TEREBINTHUS vulgaris.C.B.P. The common Turpentine-tree. 2. TEREBINTHUS Indica Theophrafti, Piftachia Diofcoridis. Lob. Adv. The Pistachia-tree, vulgo. Thefe Trees are very common in feveral Islands of the Archipelago, from whence there are annually great Quantities of the Pistachia Nuts brought into England, which eafily rife, if fown on a Hot-bed in the Spring; fo that the Trees of this Kind are much more common in England, than are thofe of the firft Sort, whofe Fruit are rarely brought over fresh befides, the Shell of thefe Nuts is much harder than those of the Pistachia, so that many times the Plants do not come up until the second Year, which may also have contributed to the prefent Scarcity of the Plants in England. : The Seeds (or Nuts) of both thefe Trees fhould be fown in Pots filled with fresh light Earth, and plunged into |