Glutamine Metabolism in Mammalian TissuesD. Häussinger, Helmut Sies Glutamine is a key aminoacid for the synthesis of numerous biologic ally important compounds in mammalian cells and is a carrier form of ammonia. The advance in knowledge on the metabolic significance of this amino acid is presented in in-depth treatments by experts in this active research field. This includes the enzymology of glutamine synthe tase and glutaminase activities in different mammalian organs, notably liver, kidney and brain; properties of glutamine transport across bio logical membranes; role of glutamine metabolism in the liver, with emphasis on the recent discovery of intercellular heterogeneity with respect to enzyme distribution and its functional consequences for ammonia/urea metabolism and pH regulation; renal and intestinal glutamine metabolism; cerebral glutamine/ glutamate interrelationships; skeletal muscle; role of glutamine in cell culture; and finally the clinical aspects, including the new outlook of glutamine antagonists in cancer therapy as well as the role of glutamine in hepatic coma and encephalo pathy. Some, but not all, of the contributors to this work attended the 48th Conference of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Chemie on glutamine metabolism held in Gottingen, W. Germany, in September 1983. This conference was supported by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Dr. H. Falk Foundation, Freiburg, and the J. Pfrimmer Co. , Erlangen. The abstracts of the contributions to the conference were published in Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 364,1237-125,6,1983, and this book is not intended as the proceedings of that meeting. |
Contents
Enzymology of Glutamine | 3 |
Enzymes of Renal Glutamine Metabolism | 16 |
Enzymes of Cerebral Glutamine Metabolism | 32 |
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2-oxoglutarate a-ketoglutarate acidotic acivicin activity of glutaminase alanine amino acids ammonia production ammonium ions arterial aspartate bicarbonate Biochem Biochim Biophys Acta Biol Chem blood brain Brosnan carbon cells citrulline cultured Curthoys NP decreased dexamethasone effect enzyme excretion glucagon gluconeogenesis glucose glutamic acid glutaminase glutaminase activity glutamine concentration glutamine cycle glutamine metabolism glutamine synthesis glutamine synthetase glutamine synthetase activity glutamine transport glutamine utilization glutathione growth hormone Häussinger hepatic encephalopathy hepatic glutamine hepatocytes hepatoma increased incubation inhibitor intact intracellular kidney Kvamme liver mitochondria mammalian Meister metabolic acidosis methionine sulfoximine mitochondria NH4Cl nitrogen normal oxidation pathway perfused perfused rat liver periportal perivenous phosphate phosphate-dependent glutaminase Physiol physiological plasma portal purified pyruvate rat kidney rate of glutamine reaction release role skeletal muscle small intestine stimulation studies substrate Svenneby synaptosomes synthesis of glutamine Table tissue transport of glutamine tubules uptake urea cycle urea synthesis vivo y-glutamyl y-glutamyltranspeptidase