Ecology of Parasites |
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able actively adapted adult advantage alcohol animal antibody association avoid become behaviour biological birds blood body carried caused cells cercariae characteristic closely common complete concentration considered continual copepods crab cycle cyst definitive definitive host depend direct disease dung ecological ectoparasites effect eggs enter escape essential evidence evolution example existence fact factors feeding female fish fluke free-living frequently frog further groups habit hazards host specificity host's hyperinfestation illustrated immunity important increase independent infection interesting intermediate host intestine known largely larvae larval stages limited liver living lungs major male mammals mechanism natural nematode occurs organism original parasites particular pass period plant PLATE possible preadaptation problem produced Protozoa range reached reaction relationship response restricted result sheep shown single skin snail specialization structure successful tapeworms tend tion tissue transmission transmitted Trematoda Turbellaria usually vector vertebrates worms