Ecology of Parasites |
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Acanthocephala adapted adult alcohol anemones animal associations antibody antigen avoid hyperinfestation behaviour biochemical biological birds blood parasites blood-sucking cattle caused cells cercariae Cestoda characteristic of parasites copepods crab crustacean cycle cyst definitive host depend Digenea disease duct dung ecological link ectoparasites encysted evansi evolution of parasites evolutionary example existence Fasciola hepatica feeding female fish fluke free-living stages frog groups habit hazards helminths host and parasite host range host reaction host specificity host-parasite relationship host's immunity important infective stages intermediate host intestine Nematoda large number larvae larval stages liver living lungs male mammals metacercaria microfilariae miracidium Monogenea morphological mosquito moulting nematode niche number of eggs parasite's parasites parasitic hyperinfestation parasitic stages period physiological plant PLATE preadaptation problem Protozoa redia Sacculina Schistosoma sheep skin Small intestine snail sporocyst structure successful transmission sucker tapeworms tion tissue transmitted Trematoda Trematoda Digenea Trypanosoma tsetse fly vector vertebrates verts worms Wuchereria bancrofti