Statistical Reasoning for the Behavioral Sciences |
Contents
The Role of Research in the Behavioral Sciences 4 Purposes of Empirical Research | 9 |
Some Basic Elements in Designing Research 13 Threats to the Validity of Research | 41 |
Pygmalion in the Classroom 47 Development | 47 |
Copyright | |
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abscissa achievement alternative hypothesis assumption average belief scale by.x cell central tendency Chapter class interval column Compute confidence interval control group correlation coefficient crit critical value cumulative frequency decision degrees of freedom differences between means distribution of means equal estimate EXAMPLE PROBLEM expected frequencies experimental group factor Figure frequency distribution frequency polygon grades H₁ hypothetical study independent variable interaction internal validity measure median moral judgments negative normal distribution null and alternative null hypothesis number of subjects one-tailed test outcome percentile points population mean post hoc comparisons posttest predicted pretest random sample randomly assigned raw scores real limit reject the null relationship relative frequency represent sample data sample mean sampling distribution scatterplot score value scores fall specified standard deviation standard error statistical test summarized in Procedure Suppose Table theory treatment effect two-tailed test Type I error variance X₁ z score zero ΣΧ