Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open SystemsDemonstrates how the many models and theories of organizations can be reduced to a few, manageable perspectives. This new third edition updates research and theoretical literature, offers expanded coverage of new economic approaches and strategic management and includes comparative studies. |
Contents
Three Perspectives on Organizations | 27 |
Organizations as Natural Systems | 51 |
Organizations as Open Systems | 76 |
Copyright | |
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action activities actors adapt administrative analysts approach argues arrangements associated attempt attention authority become behavior bureaucratic central Chapter characteristics collective companies complex conception concern continue contributions corporate created criteria decision defined dependence described determine developed discussed distinctive effectiveness emphasize employed environment examine example existence expected extent firms formal forms function given goals groups human important increasing individual industrial influence institutional interdependence interests internal labor larger less managers markets means measures natural natural system norms noted open systems operate organizational organizations participants particular performance persons perspective political positions problems processes production rational rational system relations relatively response roles rules selection situation social society sources specific strategies structure studies suggest task technical theorists theory types uncertainty units values vary workers