Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Page 2

Front Cover
This undergraduate textbook describes the structure and function of the major classes of cellular constituents, and explains the physical, chemical, and biological context in which each biomolecule, reaction, and pathway operates. The fourth edition adds a chapter on the regulation of metabolism, reflects recent advances, and incorporates new experimental methodologies and an expanded and redesigned treatment of reaction mechanisms. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
 

Contents

The Fatty Acid Synthase Reactions Are Repeated to Form Nitrogen Is Fixed by Enzymes of the Nitrogenase
1
Functional Genomics Shows the Allocations of Genes
38
STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS
45
Water
47
Entropy Increases as Crystalline Substances Dissolve
51
An Osmotic Event
59
Buffers Are Mixtures of Weak Acids and Their Conjugate
66
Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
75
Glucose
560
Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism
566
Regulatory Enzymes Respond to Changes in Metabolite
572
Glycogen Synthase Is Also Regulated by Phosphorylation
586
The Contribution of Each Enzyme to Flux through
592
The Citric Acid Cycle
601
The Citric Acid Cycle Has Eight Steps
608
The Energy of Oxidations in the Cycle Is Efficiently
614

Amino Acids Can Act as Acids and Bases
81
Polypeptides Have Characteristic Amino Acid
87
Unseparated Proteins Can Be Quantified
94
Amino Acid Sequences Can Also Be Deduced by Other
100
Amino Acid Sequences Provide Important Biochemical
106
The ThreeDimensional Structure of Proteins
116
Box 41 Knowing the Right Hand from the Left
122
Box 42 Permanent Waving Is Biochemical Engineering
127
Globular Proteins Have a Variety of Tertiary Structures
134
Protein Motifs Are the Basis for Protein Structural
141
Amino Acid Sequence Determines Tertiary Structure
148
Protein Function
157
Hemoglobin Subunits Are Structurally Similar
163
Hemoglobin Also Transports H+ and CO2
170
Self Is Distinguished from Nonself by the Display of Peptides
176
Actin Myosin and Molecular Motors
182
Enzymes
190
A Few Principles Explain the Catalytic Power and Specificity
196
Mechanism
202
PreSteady State Kinetics Can Provide Evidence for Specific
208
Hexokinase Undergoes Induced Fit on Substrate Binding
218
In Many Pathways a Regulated Step Is Catalyzed by
226
Some Regulatory Enzymes Use Several Regulatory
232
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
238
Monosaccharides Are Reducing Agents
244
Steric Factors and Hydrogen Bonding Influence
250
Proteoglycans Are GlycosaminoglycanContaining
256
Lectins Are Proteins That Read the Sugar Code and Mediate
262
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
273
DNA Stores Genetic Information
280
Messenger RNAS Code for Polypeptide Chains
287
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Undergo Nonenzymatic
293
Adenine Nucleotides Are Components of Many Enzyme
301
DNABased Information Technologies
306
Restriction Endonucleases and DNA Ligase Yield
307
Specific DNA Sequences Are Detectable
314
Genome Sequences Provide the Ultimate Genetic
321
Detection of ProteinProtein Interactions Helps to Define
327
Manipulation of Animal Cell Genomes Provides Information
333
10
342
Lipids
343
Waxes Serve as Energy Stores and Water Repellents
348
Sphingolipids at Cell Surfaces Are Sites of Biological
353
Steroid Hormones Carry Messages between Tissues
359
Adsorption Chromatography Separates Lipids of Different
365
Biological Membranes and Transport
369
All Biological Membranes Share Some Fundamental
371
Covalently Attached Lipids Anchor Some Membrane
378
Caveolins Define a Special Class of Membrane Rafts
385
Transporters Can Be Grouped into Superfamilies Based
391
Biosignaling
421
VoltageGated Ion Channels Produce Neuronal Action
427
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases Generate the Second Messenger
433
The BAdrenergic Receptor Is Desensitized
439
Calcium Is a Second Messenger in Many Signal
442
II
443
Membrane Rafts and Caveolae May Segregate Signaling
451
Light Triggers Conformational Changes in the Receptor
457
Disruption of GProtein Signaling Causes Disease
464
CDKS Regulate Cell Division by Phosphorylating Critical
470
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
481
Principles of Bioenergetics
489
OxidationReduction Can Be Described
508
Dietary Deficiency of Niacin the Vitamin Form of NAD
514
Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis and the Pentose
521
The Payoff Phase of Glycolysis Produces ATP
529
Dietary Polysaccharides and Disaccharides Undergo
535
Fermentation
538
Conversion of Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate Requires
544
The Oxidative Phase Produces Pentose Phosphates
550
The Citric Acid Cycle Is Regulated at Its Three Exergonic
622
Fatty Acid Catabolism
631
The Four BOxidation Steps Are Repeated to Yield Acetyl
639
Peroxisomes Also Carry Out B Oxidation
646
Ketone Bodies Are Overproduced in Diabetes and during
652
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production
656
Dietary Protein Is Enzymatically Degraded to Amino
658
Box 181 Assays for Tissue Damage
664
Several Enzyme Cofactors Play Important Roles in Amino
672
Phenylalanine Catabolism Is Genetically Defective in Some
679
Asparagine and Aspartate Are Degraded
685
Oxidative Phosphorylation
690
Electrons Are Funneled to Universal Electron Acceptors
692
The Energy of Electron Transfer Is Efficiently Conserved
701
ATP Synthase Has Two Functional Domains
708
The Proton Gradient Drives the Release of ATP from
709
An Inhibitory Protein Prevents ATP Hydrolysis during
717
HARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY
723
Flow
730
Spatial Separation of Photosystems I and II Prevents Exciton
736
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants
751
Synthesis of Each Triose Phosphate from CO2 Requires
762
In C4 Plants CO2 Fixation and Rubisco Activity
769
and Bacterial Peptidoglycan
775
Pools of Common Intermediates Link Pathways in Different
781
Lipid Biosynthesis
787
Acetate Is Shuttled out of Mitochondria as Citrate 794 Several Classes of Reactions Play Special Roles in
797
Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis in Animals Is Regulated by 22 3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids 854
804
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Nucleotides
833
Adipose Tissue Generates Glycerol 3phosphate by Heme Is the Source of Bile Pigments
854
Eukaryotic Pathways to Phosphatidylserine Arginine Is the Precursor for Biological Synthesis of Nitric
860
Carbamoyl Phosphate
867
Cholesterol Biosynthesis Is Regulated at Several Levels 825 Degradation of Purines and Pyrimidines Produces Uric Acid
873
and Related Molecules 833 23 Hormonal Regulation and Integration
881
The Discovery and Purification of Hormones Require
882
Hormone Release Is Regulated by a Hierarchy of Neuronal
889
Adipose Tissue Stores and Supplies Fatty Acids
897
Insulin Counters High Blood Glucose
904
Leptin Stimulates Production of Anorexigenic Peptide
912
Hormonal Regulation and Integration
918
INFORMATION PATHWAYS
921
Eukaryotic Genes and Chromosomes Are Very
928
Topoisomerases Catalyze Changes in the Linking Number
935
Nucleosomes Are Packed into Successively Higher Order
942
DNA Metabolism
945
DNA Metabolism
948
Replication Is Very Accurate
954
Bacterial Replication Is Organized in MembraneBound
963
Box 251 DNA Repair and Cancer
970
The Interaction of Replication Forks with DNA Damage
976
Recombination Requires a Host of Enzymes and Other
982
Complete Chromosome Replication Can Require Site
988
RNA Metabolism
995
Transcription Is Regulated at Several Levels
1001
Protein Metabolism
1034
RNA Polymerase II Requires Many Other Protein Factors for 27 3 Protein Targeting and Degradation
1068
RNA Catalyzes the Splicing of Introns 1009 Cells Import Proteins by ReceptorMediated Endocytosis
1074
Regulation of Gene Expression
1081
Reverse Transcriptase Produces DNA from Viral RNA 1021 Regulatory Proteins Have Discrete DNABinding
1087
Telomerase Is a Specialized Reverse Transcriptase 1025 The lac Operon Undergoes Positive Regulation
1093
Protein Metabolism 1034
1102
Protein Biosynthesis Takes Place in Five Stages 1044 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Can Be Regulated
1108
Appendix A Common Abbreviations in the Biochemical Research
1120
Literature
1-1
The Cytoplasm Is Organized by the Cytoskeleton and
1-9
Cells Contain a Universal Set of Small Molecules
1-15
Organisms Transform Energy and Matter from Their
1-22
Genetic Continuity Is Vested in Single DNA Molecules 29
1-29
Molecular Anatomy Reveals Evolutionary Relationships 36
1-36
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