Bryozoan Evolution |
Contents
Species relationships and evolution | 32 |
Growth and form | 52 |
Growth forms as adaptive strategies | 72 |
Copyright | |
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abundant anascans ancestrula arborescent ascidians autozooids avicularia basal bifurcation bilaminate biological interactions Boardman branch tips breakage brood bryozoans Bugula calcified Cheetham Cheilostomata cheilostomes chimneys clonal colonies colony form common contrast Cook & Chimonides corals costulata courtesy Cretaceous ctenostomes cuticle cyclostomes diameter distal distribution encrusting species erect bryozoans erect colonies erect growth erect species evolution evolutionary extrazooidal feeding fenestrates Figure filtered water flow fossil free-living frontal budding frontal wall function gonozooids growing edge growth forms gymnolaemates habitat Håkansson Harmelin heterozooids increase integration Jackson kenozooids Keough larvae length Lidgard living lophophores maculae margin McKinney membranacea Membranipora Metrarabdotos morphology multiserial number of species occur Oligocene Olsen Ordovician orifice overgrowth ovicells Paleocene Paleozoic patterns polymorphism polypides predators proximal radial Recent recruitment reef relatively reproduction rigidly erect Ryland Schizoporella seagrass sediments shells skeletal skeleton space Steginoporella sp Stenolaemata stenolaemates substrata substratum surface area taxa taxonomic tentacles thickening unilaminate uniserial Winston zooidal zooids