The two staple articles of the imports of Turkey into the United Kingdom, in recent years, have been raw cotton and corn. The corn imports, consisting chiefly of maize, wheat, and barley, average rather more than 1,000,0007. per annum. The imports of cotton, which only amounted to 2187. in 1860, rose to above a million sterling in 1863 and 1864. By far the most important article of export of the United Kingdom to Turkey, averaging in value full two-thirds of the total export trade, is manufactured cotton and cotton yarn.

The subjoined table gives the declared real value of the various articles of British and Irish produce exported to Turkey in each of the years 1863 and 1864:

It is estimated that the trade of Turkey with foreign countries amounted, in the year 1864, to 46,000,000l., and that between the provinces to 20,000,000l.; making a total of 66,000,000l. for the year.

TRIBUTARY STATES.

I. EGYPT.

SEE PART II.—Africa.

II. ROUMANIA.

Constitution and Government.

The union of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was granted by a firman of the sultan, dated November 12, 1861, and was solemnly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy, on December 23, 1861, the name 'Roumania' being given to the united provinces, and Colonel Couza-elected Hospodar of Moldavia, January 17, 1859, and of Wallachia, February 5, 1859-assuming supreme power under the title of Prince Alexander John I. But a revolution which broke out at Bucharest, February 23, 1866, forced him to abdicate, and a Provisional Government having been installed, the people were called upon to eleet a second ruler of Roumania, when the choice fell upon

Charles, born April 20, 1839, the second son of the late reigning Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; formerly lieutenant in the second regiment of Prussian dragoons; accepted his election as Prince of Roumania, May 10, 1866; arrived at Bucharest, May 21, 1866; recognised by the Turkish Government, July 11, 1866.

The constitution now in force in Roumania was drawn up by Prince Alexander John, submitted to the vote of the people May 10-14, 1864, and accepted by 682,681 votes against 56,918. This constitution vests the legislative power collectively in the Prince, a Senate, and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senate consists of 64 members, one-half of whom are nominated by the Prince from among persons who have held the highest functions in the country, or who possess an annual income of 800 ducats, or 3601. The other 32 are elected from the members of the general district councils, and nominated by the Prince from

a list laid before him of three members for each of the 32 districts. The 64 members of the Senate are renewed every three years in the proportion of one-half. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 160 members, of whom 85 are for Wallachia and 75 for Moldavia. The members are chosen by indirect election, the first voters nominating electors, and these, in their turn, the deputies. Voters are all Roumans, aged twenty-five years, who can read and write, and prove the payment of annual taxes to the amount of four ducats, or 17. 16s. each. Eligible as deputies are all Roumans aged thirty, and possessing a yearly income of 200 ducats, or 901. The Prince has an absolute veto over all laws passed by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The executive is in the hands of the reigning Prince, assisted by a council of five ministers, heads of the following departments :

The Ministry of the Interior.—Stephen Golesco, appointed Minister of the Interior and President of the Council, Aug. 24, 1867. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.-Alexander Teriakion. The Ministry of War.-Colonel Adrian.

The Ministry of Finance.-Louis Steege.

The Ministry of Justice.-Antoine Arion.

Wallachia is divided into eighteen, and Moldavia into thirteen districts, each of which has a prefect or governor, a receiver-general of taxes, and a civil tribunal, consisting of a president and two other judges. Moldavia has a director of police and a town-council in each municipality. Judges are removable at the pleasure of the superior authorities. The legal codes are founded upon the civil law and the customs of the principalities; but though the system of jurisprudence has been much amended, many reforms remain to be effected, especially in the administration of the laws, which is said to be most corrupt. Nearly the whole population belongs to the Greek Church, and every village has a small church or chapel, with one or more priests, who act as curates. The ecclesiastics of this order are chosen from among the people, from whom they are little distinguished in appearance, and whose avocations they follow when not engaged in their clerical functions.

Revenue, Army, and Population.

The chief source of revenue is a capitation-tax of thirty piastres, or seven shillings per head on the rural population, with a higher scale for tradesmen and merchants. Customs duties, the profit from State property, and the salt monopoly, produce about one-third of the national income. In the budget published by the Government in July 1864, the total revenue for the year 1864 was estimated at 164,000,000 piastres, or 2,400,000l. The expenditure, divided

into ordinary and extraordinary, was given as follows for 1864: -Ordinary expenditure, 165,767,997 piastres; extraordinary, 38,272,678 piastres; total, 204,040,675 piastres, or 3,400,6787. The estimated deficit was 60,800,000 piastres, or 1,000,6781.

Wallachia has to pay a tribute of 5,000 purses, or 25,000l., and Moldavia 3,000 purses, or 15,000l., to the Turkish Government. The public debt of the united principalities amounted, on January 1, 1860, to 54,800,000 piastres, or 800,000l., and was considerably increased since that period. A loan of 60,000,000 francs, or 2,400,000%., was contracted by the Roumanian Government at Paris, on May 24, 1860; another loan of 2,000,000l. was concluded with French and English capitalists in March 1863; another loan of 32,000,000 francs, or 1,280,000l., was negotiated at Paris in July 1864; and, finally, a loan of 916,000l. was contracted at London in January 1866.

The military force is organised on the plan of the Russian army, and the staff officers are principally Russians. The militia is formed by the peasantry, in the proportion of two men for every 100 families; but along the banks of the Danube all the inhabitants capable of bearing arms are organised into a military force, employed partly on the quarantine service, and partly and principally as a national or civic guard. The troops and militia of all descriptions amount in Wallachia to about 45,000, and in Moldavia to about 16,000 men. The regular army is divided into seven regiments of infantry, numbering 11,200 men; one regiment of lancers, of 1,600 men; and two companies of engineers, of 500 men. A regiment of artillery is in course of organisation.

The area and population of the united principalities are shown in the subjoined statement :

The numbers for Wallachia, in the preceding table, are the result of a census taken in 1860, while the population of Moldavia and the Bessarabian provinces is after an enumeration made in January 1864. The capital of the principalities and seat of the Government, Bucharest, had, in 1860, a population of 124,734. The census of 1860 showed a large preponderance of the male over the female population in Wallachia. Among the inhabitants are nearly 500,000 gipsies.

Trade and Commerce.

The commercial intercourse between Roumania and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, which gives the total value of the imports from Roumania into the United Kingdom, and of the exports of British and Irish produce and manufactures into Roumania, in each of the five years 1862 to 1866

The chief article of Roumanian imports into the United Kingdom is maize, the value of which averages a quarter of a million sterling per annum. The exports of the United Kingdom to Roumania consist of miscellaneous articles of British manufacture.

The principal shipping ports of Roumania are Ibraila and Galatz, both on the left bank of the Danube, the former in Wallachia, and the latter in Moldavia.

III. SERVIA.

Government.

The principality of Servia, since 1815 under the rule of native princes, has been placed under the protection of the great European powers, as a semi-independent state, by the Treaty of Paris, of March 30, 1856. The twenty-eighth article of the treaty is as follows: -'The Principality of Servia shall continue to hold of the Sublime Porte, in conformity with the imperial decrees which fix and determine its rights and immunities, placed henceforward under the collective guarantee of the Contracting Powers. In consequence, the said principality shall preserve its independent and national administration, as well as full liberty of worship, of legislation, of commerce, and of navigation.' The election of its rulers is left to the Servian nation, but requires nominally the sanction of the Turkish Government.

Prince of Servia.. Michael III., born Sept. 4, 1825, the son of Milos Obrenovic; succeeded to the Government at the death of his