MTBE Remediation Handbook

Ellen Moyer, Paul T. Kostecki

Springer Science & Business Media, May 31, 2004 - Science - 670 pages

The MTBE Remediation Handbook is a comprehensive and up-to date compendium of knowledge of the technology and risk management of MTBE contamination. This handbook examines the remediation of MTBE in existing spills: exploring the myths which act as impediments to successful clean-up techniques, and offering effective solutions. Experience in the last decade has shown that prompt source control is key to minimizing impacts and remediation costs. Successful treatment of contamination depends on the selection of the appropriate technology, well done site characterization, sound engineering design and implementation. The focus of this volume is the remediation of MTBE in existing spills.
Section I of the MTBE Remediation Handbook features an in-depth look at the history, properties, occurrence and assessment of MTBE. Section II discusses applicable remediation technologies. Section III offers remediation case studies.
The MTBE Remediation Handbook presents environmental scientists and cleanup professionals an indispensable resource on the handling of MTBE contamination worldwide.

Contents

• 1 Introduction: 3
• Tert Butyl Alcohol: 6
• Spills: 7
• Volatilization: 9
• Chemical and Phyiscal Properties: 11
• Specific Gravity: 14
• Vapor Density: 15
• Henrys Law Constant: 16
• References: 18
• Fate and Transport of MTBE and Other Gasoline Components: 19
• Transport and Fate of Vapors of MTB in the Unsaturated Zone: 20
• Partitioning of MTBE from Gasoline Directly to Ground water: 21
• Separation of MTBE from BTEX FROM A Flow Path: 25
• Role of dilution and disperion: 28
• Role of Biodegration: 31
• Production and Biodegration of TBA: 36
• False: 39
• Plume Diving Behavior in Uniform Sand Aquifers: 45
• Two Possible Life Cycles of Plumes: 47
• The Plume comes to Steady State Then Recedes Back to the LNAPL: 49
• The Plume Fails to Come to Steady State and the Hot Spot: 50
• Overview of Factors that Lead to Long MTBE Plumes: 56
• Disclaimer: 57
• MTBE Occurrence in Surface and Ground Water: 63
• National MTBE Survey and the Northeastern and MidAtlantic States Study: 64
• Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management NESCAUM: 65
• Individual State Studies: 66
• History in California: 67
• Conclusing: 68
• References: 70
• Site Assessment: 73
• Identification of Receptors: 74
• Methods of Soil and Ground Water Sample Collection: 77
• Detailed Assessment: 85
• Tracers: 86
• Carbon Isotope Analysis: 87
• Identifying Migration: 88
• References: 90
• Laboratory Analysis of Oxygenated Gasoline Constituents: 93
• Properties of Oxygenated Gasoline Components: 94
• Sample Preservation Methods: 95
• Sample Preparation Methods: 100
• Concentration of Separated Volatiles: 102
• Measurement Methods: 103
• Optimum Methods for Analysis of Fuel Oxygenates in Ground Water: 105
• Conclusions: 115
• References: 119
• Risk Assessment: 121
• Evaluating Human Health Risks: 123
• DoseResponse Assessment: 128
• Exposure Assessment: 132
• Risk Characterization: 138
• Evaluating Ecological Risks: 148
• European Risk Assessment of MTBE: 150
• Risk Analysis Framework: 151
• Summary: 152
• References: 154
• Applicable Remediation Technologies: 169
• Receptor Protection: 171
• Receptors: 173
• Receptor Threat: 174
• Vapor Management: 176
• Water Management: 177
• Soil Management: 185
• Conclusion: 186
• Source Control: 189
• Tankhold: 190
• Remediation Technologies: 191
• Saturated Soils: 197
• Conclusions: 198
• References: 199
• Soil Vapor Extraction Bioventing and Air Sparging: 201
• Air Sparging: 203
• Contaminant Considerations: 208
• Soil Considerations: 209
• NAPL Saturation: 210
• FineGrained Lenses: 211
• Airflow Considerations: 212
• Airflow and Pressure Relationships: 213
• Modeling and Pilot Testing: 216
• Summary of Injection System Effectiveness: 217
• Enhancements: 218
• Injecting Gases Other than Air: 219
• Conclusions: 220
• In Situ Chemical Oxidation: 223
• Hydrogen Peroxide: 224
• Proven Effectiveness in Field or Laboratory: 226
• Practical Design Considerations: 227
• Ozone: 228
• Proven Effectiveness in Field or Laboratory: 229
• Practical Design Considerations: 231
• Proven Effectiveness in Field or Laboratory: 232
• Practical Design Considerations: 233
• Proven Effectiveness in Field or Laboratory: 234
• Proven Effectiveness in Field or Laboratory: 235
• Ultrasound with Ozone: 236
• ISCO COSTS: 237
• Permanganate: 238
• Ultrasound: 239
• Aerobic In Situ Bioremediation: 243
• Microbiology and Biochemistry of Aerobic MTBE Bieodegration: 244
• Kinetics of Metabolism: 246
• Biodegradation of MTBE Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Consumption of Oxygen: 248
• Prospects for Biodegration of MTBE in the Field By Native Microorganisms: 251
• Remedial Technology for Ground Water: 253
• Disclaimer: 260
• Anaerobic In Situ Bioremediation: 265
• Anaerobic Bioremediation Strategies: 267
• Anaerobic MTBE Biodegradation with different Terminal Electron Acceptors: 268
• FeIII Reduction: 269
• Sulfate Reduction: 271
• Methanogenic Conditions: 272
• Implications for MTBE and TBA Bioremediation: 273
• References: 276
• Phytoremediation of MTBE A Review of the State of the Technology: 279
• Case Studies: 280
• Kansas State University: 282
• University of Iowa: 283
• University of Colorado: 284
• State of California Water Resources Control Board: 285
• Conclusions and Future Work: 286
• References: 287
• Ground Water Recovery and Treatment: 289
• Relationship to Potable Water: 290
• Ground Water Recovery: 291
• Design: 292
• Well Array Design: 293
• Trench Construction: 294
• Optimization: 295
• ReinjectionInfiltration: 296
• MTBE Specific Issues: 297
• Ground Water Treatment: 298
• Granular Activated Carbon Liquid Phase: 299
• Interferences: 303
• Manganese: 304
• Coagulants and Additives: 305
• Costs: 306
• Air Stripping: 308
• LowProfile Air Stripper: 309
• Mechanical Stripper: 310
• OffGas Treatment: 311
• Granular Activated Carbon: 312
• Biofilters: 313
• OffGas Treatment Costs: 314
• Manganese: 315
• Activated Sludge: 316
• FixedFilm Reactors: 317
• Fluidized Bed Bioreactor: 319
• Membrane Separation Reverse Osmosis: 320
• Advanced Oxidation Processes: 322
• CavitationSonication: 323
• Limitations of AOPS: 324
• Advantages of AOPS: 325
• References: 327
• Monitored Natural Attenuation of MTBE: 329
• The NRC Strategy for Evaluating Natural Attenuation: 330
• MTBE and the NRC Report: 331
• Recent Findings on MTBE and Natural Attenuation: 332
• Field Experience: 336
• SAB Report: 337
• Scientific Understanding: 338
• Conclusions: 342
• References: 343
• Remediation Case Studies: 347
• Remedial Costs for MTBE in Soil and Ground Water: 349
• Cost of Cleanup: 350
• Cost of Comparisons for MTBE and BTEX Remediations: 351
• South Carolina Cost Data: 353
• Remedial Technologies Used at USTS in New York State: 354
• Efficiency of Remedial Technologies: 355
• Summary: 358
• Disclaimer: 359
• References: 360
• Remediation Experiences in Finland: 361
• Aquifers and Water Service in Finland: 362
• Practices in Soil and Ground Water Investigation and Risk Assessment at Neste Sites: 363
• Practices in Soil and Ground Water Remediation at Neste Sites: 364
• Cost of Remediation of Retail Sites in Finland: 366
• Case Studies: 368
• Case 2 Traditional Approach and Methods Applied Successfully to Remediate a Service Station Site and Natural Spring: 371
• Case 3 Emergency Remediation Operation: 373
• Forensic Findings The Reasons for the Releases: 374
• Lessons learned: 375
• USEPA Case Studies Database for MTBE Remediation: 377
• Site Selection: 388
• Site Characteristics: 390
• Summary: 391
• References: 394
• Remediation of Releases Containing MTBE at Gasoline Station Sites ENSR Internationals Experience: 395
• Why MTBE Makes a Difference and How Do We Exploit Its Properties for Remediation: 396
• Recovery of MTBE in Ground Water: 397
• Technology Sequencing: 398
• SiteSpecific Conditions: 399
• Remediation Selection Factors: 403
• Remediation Costs: 404
• Conclusions: 405
• Source Control and Point of Entry Treatment at a Massachusetts Site: 407
• Release History: 408
• Hydrogeological Parameters: 410
• Ground Water: 411
• Receptors: 413
• Human: 414
• Cleanup Timeframe: 415
• Costs: 416
• References: 417
• Physical Treatment at a New Hampshire Site: 419
• Release History: 420
• Hydrogeological Parameters: 421
• Fate and Transport: 424
• Receptors: 427
• Required Cleanup Levels and Timeframes: 428
• Cleanup Timeframe: 429
• Source Removal: 430
• SVE System: 431
• Air Sparging System: 432
• Time Line: 433
• Physical Treatment at a Massachusetts Site: 435
• Release History: 437
• Hydrogeological Parameters: 438
• Fate and Transport: 439
• Receptors: 440
• Exposure Potential: 441
• Ground Water: 442
• Costs: 443
• Strategic Pumping to Divert an MTBEBTEX Plume from Municipal Water Supply Wells: 445
• Site Description: 446
• Site Hydrogeology: 448
• Nature and Extent of Contamination: 450
• Receptors: 451
• Remedial Actions: 452
• Costs: 453
• Ozone Microbubble Sparging at a California Site: 455
• Theory: 457
• Site Description and Release History: 458
• Previous Environmental Work: 459
• Site Conditions: 462
• Expected Oxidant Demand: 464
• Other Organics: 465
• Site Cost Comparison: 470
• References: 471
• MTBE Cleanup Technology Evaluations at the Port Hueneme NETTS: 473
• Ground Water Circulation Well Environmental Cleanup Systems: 475
• In Situ Air Sparging System: 477
• Extraction of MTBE by a Hollow Fiber Membrane: 479
• High Energy Electron Injection: 482
• In Situ Bioremediation of MTBE: 487
• Direct Injection of a Bacterial Culture to Biodegrade MTBEImpacted Ground Water: 489
• LargeScale Biobarrier Demonstration: 492
• In Situ Remediation of MTBE Impacted Aquifer Using Propane Biostimulation: 495
• Natural Attenuation of MTBE in An Anaerobic Ground Water Plume: 498
• Natural Attenuation of MTBE in Ground Water Under Methanogenic Conditions: 499
• Bioremediation at a New Jersey Site Using PropaneOxidizing Bacteria: 503
• Methodology: 504
• Microcosm Testing: 506
• FieldScale System Implementation and Operation: 507
• Results: 508
• In Situ Biotreatment Summary: 515
• References: 516
• Application of an In Situ Bioremedy Biobarrier at a Retail Gas Station: 517
• Remediation: 518
• Monitoring Well System: 520
• Oxygen Delivery: 521
• MC Delivery: 522
• Performance of the Bioremedy Biobarrier: 524
• System Costs: 525
• Timeline: 527
• Ground Water Recovery and Bioreactor Treatment at a California Site: 529
• Hydrology: 530
• Remedial Activities: 531
• Soil Excavation: 532
• Results: 539
• Natural Attenuation of Tert Butyl Alcohol at a Texas Chemical Plant: 541
• Influence of TBA Properties on Natural Attenuation: 542
• Site Description: 543
• Plant II TBA Plume: 546
• Natural Attenuation of TBA in the Plant II Area Plume: 547
• Role of Diffusion in Plant II Area Plume Natural Attenuation: 549
• Use of Carbon Isotopes to Document TBA Biodegradation: 551
• Mechanisms of TBA Biodegradation: 552
• Estimation of Natural Biodegradation Rates: 554
• Conclusions: 558
• Natural Attenuation of Benzene and MTBE at Four Midwestern US Sites: 561
• Trend Analysis Approach: 562
• Geochemical Approach: 564
• Hydrogeology: 565
• Trends: 566
• Geochemical Conditions: 568
• Site C: 570
• Site D: 572
• Conclusions: 575
• Recommendations: 577
• References: 578
• Appendices: 579
• MTBE Occurrence in Surface and Ground Water: 581
• Program Status: 582
• MTBE Data: 583
• Patterns: 592
• Conclusions: 599
• Limitations: 600
• Summary: 602
• Northeastern and MidAtlantic States: 603
• Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management NESCAUM: 604
• Midwestern States Study: 611
• Conclusions of the Midwestern States Study: 616
• Conclusions: 621
• Water Background: 622
• Risk Assessment: 624
• Impacts Further Work: 626
• Acknowledgement Plume Length Studies Texas Florida and California: 627
• Texas: 628
• Florida: 629
• California: 630
• History of MTBE in California: 631
• Comparison of Plume Lengths for MTBE and BTEX and 212 South Carolina Sites: 635
• Conclusions: 638
• References: 640
• Acronyms: 645
• Primary Author Contact Information: 647
• Acronyms: 653

Bibliographic information

• Title: MTBE Remediation Handbook; Ercoftac Series
• Editors: Ellen Moyer, Paul T. Kostecki
• Edition: illustrated, reprint
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2004
• ISBN: 1884940293, 9781884940293
• Length: 670 pages
• Subjects: Nature / Environmental Conservation & Protection; Science / Earth Sciences / General; Science / Earth Sciences / Geology; Science / Environmental Science; Technology & Engineering / Environmental / General