...Susan Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). "As the Chinese economists put it, Deng Xiaoping and...would not move, they did not waste energy pushing" (p. 6). 54. As a reform approach it encountered numerous problems and eventually was replaced with...

...with each other. As Shirk summed up, "Deng Xiaoping and his lieutenants . . . pushed up against the wall of the Chinese bureaucracy. Where they found...would not move, they did not waste energy pushing." Reform proposals apply different rules to different enterprises on a case-by-case basis to meet the...