Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for what Private Tutoring?This book focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. In parts of East Asia it has long existed on a large scale and it is now becoming increasingly evident in other parts of Asia and in Africa, Europe and North America. Pupils commonly receive fee-free education in public schools and then at the end of the day and/or during week-ends and vacations supplementary tutoring in the same subjects on a fee-paying basis.Supplementary private tutoring can have positive dimensions. It helps students to cover the curriculum, provides a structured occupation for pupils outside school hours, and provides incomes for the tutors. However, tutoring may also have negative dimensions. If left to market forces, tutoring is likely to maintain and increase social inequalities, and it can create excessive pressure for young people who have inadequate time for non-academic activities. Especially problematic are situations in which school teachers provide extra tutoring in exchange for fees from their regular pupils.This book begins by surveying the scale, nature and implications of the shadow education system in a range of settings. It then identifies possible government responses to the phenomenon and encourages a proactive approach to designing appropriate policies. |
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academic Andhra Pradesh Asia Azerbaijan Bray cent classes competitive Confronting the shadow corruption countries cram schools culture curriculum Development economic Educational Planning evaluation examinations extra lessons families Forum on Confronting gender Glasman government policies high school highlighted IIEP Policy Forum IIEP-UNESCO impact incomes International Ireson juku Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan L'Express Mauritius learning Lithuania low achievers lower secondary mainstream education mainstream schools mainstream teachers mathematics Mauritius Ministry of Education monitoring Obeegadoo OECD one-to-one Open Society Institute parents Paris Parsuramen phenomenon policymakers and planners primary schools private supplementary tutoring private tuition provide tutoring pupils receiving Qualified Teacher Status receiving private tutoring receiving tutoring regulations reported Research rural SACMEQ scheme school students secondary level secondary school secondary students sector shadow education system Silova Slovakia subjects Sujatha survey Table Tajikistan teaching TIMSS tutoring centres tutoring provided types of tutoring UNESCO University of Mauritius urban World Bank