...state. In 1944, Jinnah told a gathering at Aligarh University: No nation can rise to the heart of its glory unless your women are side by side with you....against humanity that our women are shut up within four walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in...

...speech in 1944 is one indicator of such changes, at least among a certain segment of Muslim leadership: No nation can rise to the height of glory unless your...our women are shut up within the four walls of the house as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women live....

...Zia-al-Hag, who took power in 1977. Jinnah's conception of the secular state included freedoms for women: "We are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against...that our women are shut up within the four walls of their homes like prisoners" (quoted in Goodwin, 1994, p. 55). Zia, by contrast, called for an Islamic...

...phenomenon. Even though their leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah told his followers on more than one occasion that "no nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you,"8 there was the formidable bloc of conservative feudal opinion to contend with in the party. Muslim...

...secular-nationalists. Jinnah, the most important leader of the Pakistan movement had said in 1944: "It is a crime against humanity that our women are...within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. 201 There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable conditions in which our women have to live. Your...