Adhesion in Cellulosic and Wood-Based CompositesJohn F. Oliver, NATO Science Committee. Materials Science Panel Cellulose is a versatile and renewable natural resource which has attracted increasing attention in the last decade, expecially after the energy crisis of 1973. Apart from its extensive use as asolid product, wood is the most important source of cellulose fibres for papermaking and is also widely used as a source of energy. The form and availability ot· the forest provides a great opportunity for technological improvement and innovation in the future to satisfy the foreseeable increasing demand for wood based products. For example, North American sawmills and plywood mills presently recover only about 45 to 55% of logged wood while the remainder is disposed as waste, if it is not used in pulp manufacturing. In addition, top and branch wood, and logs from non-commercial species which are presently not recovered from the logging sites could provide an abundant and relatively inexpensive resource for the manufacture of composite products. Other valuable potential sour ces of cellulosic materials are waste paper and agricultural waste. A composite is the consolidation of two polymerie materials such that one of the components acts as the adhesive binder while the other forms the substrate matrix. In some cases, the matrix and the adhesive may be the same materials. To maximize the adhesion potential of the composite, the properties of the substrate which can enhance, hinder or complicate the development of optimum adhesion should be thoroughly explored and identified. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
Molecular and Cell Wall Structure of Wood | 7 |
The Forests as a Source of Natural Adhesives | 67 |
Copyright | |
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acid application ASTM ASTM Desig bark behavior bending catechin cell wall cellulose CH₂OH chain changes chemical Chow components Composite Materials constant contact angle critical surface tension crosslinking cure cycles deformation degradation determined distribution durability duration of load effects elastic energy evaluation extractives failure fiber wall foliage Forest Products formaldehyde fracture hardwoods hemicellulose humidity hydrogen bonds increased interface Laboratory laminated layer length lignin lignosulfonates liquid loading tests matrix measured mechanical properties metal methods microfibrillar microfibrils modulus moisture content oxide particleboard particles performance phenolic resins physical plywood polymer polymeric polypropylene problems Prod pulping rate of loading raw material reactions reactivity shear strength softwood species specimens strong adhesive joint structure studies substrate surface tension surface treatment tannin temperature thermal tracheids urea-formaldehyde variables veneer waferboard Wellons wettability wetting wood adhesives wood composites wood fibers Wood Sci wood-based composites