General History of Civilization in Europe: From the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution |
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absolute power affairs ancient appears attempt authority barbarian barbarism became bishops burgesses called cause character Charlemagne Charles Charles VII Christian Church ciety clergy common condition consider council Council of Constance course crusades desire ecclesiastical effects eighteenth century elements emperors endeavored England established European civilization exercised existence fact feudal system fiefs fifteenth fifth force France free cities free inquiry French Germany human mind ideas importance independence individual influence institutions intellectual Italy justice king lecture legitimate sovereignty liberty Louis XIV manners means ment moral municipal nations nature never nobility object opinions parliament party period political pope possession prevailed principle progress pure monarchy reform regard reign relations religion respect result revolution Roman empire Rome situation sixteenth century sovereigns Spain spirit States-general struggle superior temporal theocracy things tion took place truth twelfth century unity Visigoths William of Tyre