Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input-Output ApproachRoutledge, 30 sept. 2010 - 274 pages Environmental life cycle assessment is often thought of as cradle to grave and therefore as the most complete accounting of the environmental costs and benefits of a product or service. However, as anyone who has done an environmental life cycle assessment knows, existing tools have many problems: data is difficult to assemble and life cycle studies take months of effort. A truly comprehensive analysis is prohibitive, so analysts are often forced to simply ignore many facets of life cycle impacts. But the focus on one aspect of a product or service can result in misleading indications if that aspect is benign while other aspects pollute or are otherwise unsustainable. This book summarizes the EIO-LCA method, explains its use in relation to other life cycle assessment models, and provides sample applications and extensions of the model into novel areas. A final chapter explains the free, easy-to-use software tool available on a companion website. (www.eiolca.net) The software tool provides a wealth of data, summarizing the current U.S. economy in 500 sectors with information on energy and materials use, pollution and greenhouse gas discharges, and other attributes like associated occupational deaths and injuries. The joint project of twelve faculty members and over 20 students working together over the past ten years at the Green Design Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, the EIO-LCA has been applied to a wide range of products and services. It will prove useful for research, industry, and in economics, engineering, or interdisciplinary classes in green design. |
Table des matières
1 | |
Example Applications | 63 |
Further Developments in the EIOLCA Method | 147 |
Sectors and Outputs in the 1997 US Benchmark EIOLCA | 187 |
Some Alternative Model Forms for EIOLCA | 198 |
Disaggregation Options for Conducting Hybrid Life Cycle Assessments | 207 |
Uncertainty in Leontief InputOutput Equations | 213 |
Compliance of an LCA Study Conducted Using the EIOLCA Model with the Requirements of ISO 14040 14041 14042 and 14043 Standards | 226 |
239 | |
251 | |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
$1 million aggregate air emissions air pollution aluminum analysis asphalt associated assume automobile calculated carbon Chapter coefficients commodity components concrete construction consumers consumption cycle assessment detailed disaggregated e-commerce economic input–output EIO-LCA addresses EIO-LCA model electricity environmental burdens environmental effects environmental impacts Equation estimate example external costs Figure final demand fuel tank GHG emissions global warming potential greenhouse gas greenhouse gas emissions hazardous waste industry sectors input–output model inputs inventory inverse inverse matrix LCA method LCA model Leontief matrix lifetime lost workday manufacturing materials metal metric tons mining mt CO2 nanotechnology natural gas Nitrogen oxides particulate pavement petroleum phase pipeline plastic power plant process models production purchases rail regional requirements resource scenario steel mills sulfur dioxide suppliers supply chain Table terajoules total output transportation truck U.S. economy uncertainty vehicle y/na