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5-instar adults aggr aggregated larvae aggregated rearings aggregated series aphids average behaviour brassicae Bupalus larvae Bupalus piniarius constant darkness corpora allata crowded larvae crowded series daylength Dendrolimus density effect diapause Diepenveen dispersal duration effect of density experiments factors faeces fecundity females field five instars food intake four instars Geometridae glands groups growth of Bupalus Gryllus bimaculatus hatching head width individuals induced influence insectary insects instars instars instars Iwao Klomp larvae per jar larvae were reared larval density larval instars larval stage Lepidoptera locusts males mean head width mean pupal weight mechanism mortality moths mutual interference needles Noctuidae number of eggs number of instars number of larval number of moults Panolis photoperiod pine looper Plusia population density progenies pupae pupal weight pupation ratio reared singly reduction regression Scots pine shoots singly reared larvae six-instar solitary species stimulation temperature viability wing loading