Visuomotor Coordination: Amphibians, Comparisons, Models, and RobotsVarious brain areas of mammals can phyletically be traced back to homologous structures in amphibians. The amphibian brain may thus be regarded as a kind of "microcosm" of the highly complex primate brain, as far as certain homologous structures, sensory functions, and assigned ballistic (pre-planned and pre-pro grammed) motor and behavioral processes are concerned. A variety of fundamental operations that underlie perception, cognition, sensorimotor transformation and its modulation appear to proceed in primate's brain in a way understandable in terms of basic principles which can be investigated more easily by experiments in amphibians. We have learned that progress in the quantitative description and evaluation of these principles can be obtained with guidance from theory. Modeling - supported by simulation - is a process of transforming abstract theory derived from data into testable structures. Where empirical data are lacking or are difficult to obtain because of structural constraints, the modeler makes assumptions and approximations that, by themselves, are a source of hypotheses. If a neural model is then tied to empirical data, it can be used to predict results and hence again to become subject to experimental tests whose resulting data in tum will lead to further improvements of the model. By means of our present models of visuomotor coordination and its modulation by state-dependent inputs, we are just beginning to simulate and analyze how external information is represented within different brain structures and how these structures use these operations to control adaptive behavior. |
Contents
3 | |
16 | |
Distributed Properties Modulation and Memory | 27 |
Stages | 39 |
Configural Properties of Sign Stimuli | 45 |
Approach Toward Behaviorally Relevant Brain Structures | 63 |
FeatureAnalyzing Neurons and Integrative Functional Units | 69 |
The Command System Approach | 92 |
References | 476 |
Extracellular Approach toward Properties of Bulbar Neurons | 487 |
Discussion | 520 |
References | 529 |
A New Concept of Processing Within | 543 |
Discovery of New Pathways and Structures in the Sensorimotor Interface | 551 |
Whats New? | 560 |
References | 565 |
Concluding Remarks | 104 |
Neural Models and Perceptual Robotics | 121 |
Tectal Columns | 137 |
Depth Perception | 146 |
PathPlanning and Detours | 152 |
Schemas for Hand Control | 159 |
Challenges for Cooperation | 166 |
Cellular Architecture and Connectivity of the Frogs | 175 |
Discussion | 191 |
Morphological and Physiological Studies of Tectal | 201 |
Synaptic RetinoTectal Connections | 213 |
References | 220 |
Uptake Studies | 229 |
Discussion | 236 |
Comparison of Real and Simulated Responses of the Retinal Network | 251 |
Mathematical Model for the Constitution of Some Tectal Cell Types | 257 |
References | 265 |
A Model of T5 Neuron Function | 276 |
Discussion | 290 |
Mathematical Description of the Model | 301 |
Compensation of Visual Background Motion in Salamanders | 311 |
Neural Circuits Underlying the Control of OKR | 317 |
Behavioral Analysis of the VestibuloCollic Reflex | 324 |
Discussion and Conclusions | 332 |
Nucleus Isthmi and Optic Tectum in Frogs | 341 |
Anatomy | 347 |
What Does N Isthmi Do? | 351 |
Why Cortices? Neural Networks for Visual Information Processing | 357 |
Retinotopic Mapping | 365 |
NonTopographic Mapping | 377 |
Invariances in Pattern Recognition | 383 |
Size and RotationInvariance | 390 |
Perception by Sensorimotor Coordination in Sensory Substitution for the Blind | 397 |
A Model of Sensorimotor Coordination | 404 |
Preliminary Experimental Results | 411 |
References | 417 |
SchemaTheoretic Models of Visuomotor Coordination | 432 |
Conclusions | 447 |
Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells | 458 |
Spontaneously Active Tectal Neurons | 468 |
Tectal Wide Field Neurons | 470 |
Generation of Motor Commands by MapWeighting | 575 |
Conclusion | 583 |
Why Analyse Snapping? | 591 |
Toward the Internuncial Circuitry | 597 |
Discussion Conclusions and Speculations | 604 |
References | 611 |
Movement Patterns Receptive Fields and Blends | 615 |
Hindlimb Movement Patterns | 621 |
References | 628 |
Control of a Single Leg | 636 |
Discussion | 646 |
Methodology of SchemaBased Navigation within AuRA | 653 |
Simulation | 659 |
References | 671 |
Sensorimotor Integration in Robots | 673 |
Degrees of Sensorimotor Integration | 683 |
Central Representation of Arousal | 693 |
The Basis of the Synchronized EEG | 700 |
Nature and Origin of the SPS | 707 |
Summary and Conclusions | 718 |
Functional Brain Circuitry Related to Arousal and Learning in Rats | 729 |
ThalamoCortical Involvement in Arousal | 734 |
Motor and Autonomic Correlates of Arousal | 740 |
Nonauditory Forebrain Structures Involved in Associative Learning | 750 |
Summary and Conclusions | 757 |
2DG Studies and Lesion Experiments | 767 |
Brain Lesions | 777 |
Discussion | 783 |
Conclusions | 792 |
Brain Lesions | 808 |
Discussion | 814 |
Conclusions | 826 |
Mathematical Definition of the Model | 840 |
Discussion | 848 |
Telemetric Transmission System for Single Cell Studies in Behaving Toads | 857 |
Telestimulation System | 863 |
Conclusions | 868 |
Correlation Matrix Method | 879 |
Discussion and Conclusions | 887 |
Neural Models Rana and Robots | 893 |
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
2DG uptake activity afferents amphibians animal antiworm Arbib arousal auditory axons behavior Brain Res Bufo bufo bulbar caudal common toads Comp Physiol configural contralateral coordination correlation cortex dendritic direction discrimination dorsal Ewert J-P excitatory fibers Figure Finkenstädt frequency frog function Grobstein habituation hypoglossal nucleus Ingle inhibition inhibitory input interactions interneurons intracellular ipsilateral isthmi layer Lázár lesions maps mechanisms medulla medulla oblongata membrane potential metabolic modulation motoneurons motor schemas movement moving neural neuroethology neuropil Neurosci nucleus object optic tectum orienting pallium pathways perception potential pretectal pretectum prey prey-catching projections properties Rana receptive field recognition recorded region response RET stimulation reticular reticular formation retinal ganglion cells robot rostral sensitivity sensorimotor sensory signals snapping spatial spinal stimulus structures studies synaptic Székely T5 base T5 neurons T5.2 neurons tectal tectal cells tectal neurons thalamic toad's velocity vertebrates visual field visual system volume Weerasuriya worm