Visuomotor Coordination: Amphibians, Comparisons, Models, and Robots

Front Cover
Springer Science & Business Media, Jun 29, 2013 - Science - 923 pages
Various brain areas of mammals can phyletically be traced back to homologous structures in amphibians. The amphibian brain may thus be regarded as a kind of "microcosm" of the highly complex primate brain, as far as certain homologous structures, sensory functions, and assigned ballistic (pre-planned and pre-pro grammed) motor and behavioral processes are concerned. A variety of fundamental operations that underlie perception, cognition, sensorimotor transformation and its modulation appear to proceed in primate's brain in a way understandable in terms of basic principles which can be investigated more easily by experiments in amphibians. We have learned that progress in the quantitative description and evaluation of these principles can be obtained with guidance from theory. Modeling - supported by simulation - is a process of transforming abstract theory derived from data into testable structures. Where empirical data are lacking or are difficult to obtain because of structural constraints, the modeler makes assumptions and approximations that, by themselves, are a source of hypotheses. If a neural model is then tied to empirical data, it can be used to predict results and hence again to become subject to experimental tests whose resulting data in tum will lead to further improvements of the model. By means of our present models of visuomotor coordination and its modulation by state-dependent inputs, we are just beginning to simulate and analyze how external information is represented within different brain structures and how these structures use these operations to control adaptive behavior.
 

Contents

An Introductory Discussion
3
Neurons Networks and Building Blocks
16
Distributed Properties Modulation and Memory
27
Stages
39
Configural Properties of Sign Stimuli
45
Approach Toward Behaviorally Relevant Brain Structures
63
FeatureAnalyzing Neurons and Integrative Functional Units
69
The Command System Approach
92
References
476
Extracellular Approach toward Properties of Bulbar Neurons
487
Discussion
520
References
529
A New Concept of Processing Within
543
Discovery of New Pathways and Structures in the Sensorimotor Interface
551
Whats New?
560
References
565

Concluding Remarks
104
Neural Models and Perceptual Robotics
121
Tectal Columns
137
Depth Perception
146
PathPlanning and Detours
152
Schemas for Hand Control
159
Challenges for Cooperation
166
Cellular Architecture and Connectivity of the Frogs
175
Discussion
191
Morphological and Physiological Studies of Tectal
201
Synaptic RetinoTectal Connections
213
References
220
Uptake Studies
229
Discussion
236
Comparison of Real and Simulated Responses of the Retinal Network
251
Mathematical Model for the Constitution of Some Tectal Cell Types
257
References
265
A Model of T5 Neuron Function
276
Discussion
290
Mathematical Description of the Model
301
Compensation of Visual Background Motion in Salamanders
311
Neural Circuits Underlying the Control of OKR
317
Behavioral Analysis of the VestibuloCollic Reflex
324
Discussion and Conclusions
332
Nucleus Isthmi and Optic Tectum in Frogs
341
Anatomy
347
What Does N Isthmi Do?
351
Why Cortices? Neural Networks for Visual Information Processing
357
Retinotopic Mapping
365
NonTopographic Mapping
377
Invariances in Pattern Recognition
383
Size and RotationInvariance
390
Perception by Sensorimotor Coordination in Sensory Substitution for the Blind
397
A Model of Sensorimotor Coordination
404
Preliminary Experimental Results
411
References
417
SchemaTheoretic Models of Visuomotor Coordination
432
Conclusions
447
Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells
458
Spontaneously Active Tectal Neurons
468
Tectal Wide Field Neurons
470
Generation of Motor Commands by MapWeighting
575
Conclusion
583
Why Analyse Snapping?
591
Toward the Internuncial Circuitry
597
Discussion Conclusions and Speculations
604
References
611
Movement Patterns Receptive Fields and Blends
615
Hindlimb Movement Patterns
621
References
628
Control of a Single Leg
636
Discussion
646
Methodology of SchemaBased Navigation within AuRA
653
Simulation
659
References
671
Sensorimotor Integration in Robots
673
Degrees of Sensorimotor Integration
683
Central Representation of Arousal
693
The Basis of the Synchronized EEG
700
Nature and Origin of the SPS
707
Summary and Conclusions
718
Functional Brain Circuitry Related to Arousal and Learning in Rats
729
ThalamoCortical Involvement in Arousal
734
Motor and Autonomic Correlates of Arousal
740
Nonauditory Forebrain Structures Involved in Associative Learning
750
Summary and Conclusions
757
2DG Studies and Lesion Experiments
767
Brain Lesions
777
Discussion
783
Conclusions
792
Brain Lesions
808
Discussion
814
Conclusions
826
Mathematical Definition of the Model
840
Discussion
848
Telemetric Transmission System for Single Cell Studies in Behaving Toads
857
Telestimulation System
863
Conclusions
868
Correlation Matrix Method
879
Discussion and Conclusions
887
Neural Models Rana and Robots
893
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