Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution |
Contents
Getting the Evidence | 1 |
The Origin of the Vertebrates | 24 |
Bone and Cartilage in Early Vertebrates | 50 |
Copyright | |
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acanthodians adapted Africa amphibians ancestors animals appeared appendages arches archosaurs armor assemblage avian became birds body bony fishes braincase CALIFORNIA/SANTA CRUZ captorhinomorphs Carboniferous carnivores cartilaginous characteristics cheek coelacanths continent Cretaceous Cretaceous period cusps dentin deposits dermal bones descendants developed Devonian dinosaurs dorsal early elements Eocene evolution evolutionary evolved existed extinct fauna Figure forms fossil fossil record freshwater genera girdle herbivores ichthyosaurs ichthyostegids Jurassic known labyrinthodonts land later legs living lizards lower jaw lungfishes mammalian mammals marine marsupials Mesozoic Miocene modern molars muscles North America Oligocene origin Osteostraci ostracoderms paired palate Paleocene paleoniscoids paleontologists pectoral pelycosaurs Permian placental placoderms Pleistocene posterior primitive radiation ray-fins region remains reptiles reptilian rhipidistians rocks rodents Romer sharks showing similar skeleton South specialized species specimen spines structure survived teeth teleosts temporal fenestra terrestrial tetrapods therapsids tion tissue tooth traits Triassic turtles UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA/SANTA upper vertebrates