How Nations Choose Product Standards and Standards Change NationsNations use product standards, and manipulate them, for reasons othen than practical use or safety. The Soviets once cultivated standards to isolate themselves. In the United States, codes and standards are often used to favor home industries over external competition, and to favor some producers over others. Krislov compares and contrasts the United States, the EC, the forner Eastern bloc, and Japan, to link standard choice with political styles and to trace growing internationalization based on product efficiency criteria. |
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advantage agency American ANSI antitrust approval areas Arthur Kallet ASME autarky basic brand bureau bureaucracy claims COMECON Commerce committee Community companies complex consumer consumerism consumerist costs countries court created culture dardization dards decision defined developed Eastern bloc economic efforts emphasize enforcement engineering established Europe European example experts federal foreign GATT groups harmonization Herbert Hoover important industry inspection interest involved issue Japan Japanese kashruth legislation less limited major manufacturers measures ment national standards NIST nomic official operate percent permitted political problems product standards protection protectionism regulation regulatory result safety scientific social society Soviet specific stan standard setters standard setting standards movement standards organizations Stephen Breyer structure subsidiarity suggests sumers technical technocratic testing tion trade association ultimately Underwriters Laboratory Union United University Press usually voluntary York