Catalysis in Petrochemical Processes

M.S. Matar, M.J. Mirbach, H.A. Tayim

Springer Science & Business Media, Dec 31, 1988 - Science - 216 pages

The field of petrochemicals started some years ago with the simple addition reaction of water to propylene for the production of isopropyl alcohol. Currently, the petrochemical industry has become a multi-billion dollar enterprise which encompasses a wide field of chemical products. Almost all the basic organic reactions such as hydrogenation, alkylation, substitution, polymerization, etc. are utilized for the production of these chemicals. It may not, however, have been possible to establish this huge industry without the use of different catalysts. In other words, the great advancements in the catalytic area have supported the vast developments in the petrochemical field. In this book, we have adopted the idea of discussing the petrochemical industry from the point of view of reactants' activities and susceptibilities toward different catalysts. The book is thus classified according to the reaction type. This will eriable students and other users of the book to base their understanding of the petrochemical field on the fundamental principles learned in chemistry. How ever, the first chapter is aimed at establishing some basic facts on the petro chemical industry and its major uses. It discusses, without going into details, the raw materials used, the intermediates and the downstream products. The next eight chapters discuss in some detail the main reactions and the catalysts used for the production of chemicals and polymers from petroleum. The last chapter is devoted to a discussion of some of the practical techniques used in the catalytic field.

Contents

• Raw Materials and Chemicals from Carbonaceous Sources: 1
• 111 NATURAL AND ASSOCIATED GASES: 2
• 112 CRUDE OILS: 4
• 113 COAL PEAT OIL SHALE AND TAR SANDS: 6
• 12 Intermediates for Petrochemical Production: 8
• 121 ETHYLENE PROPENE AND BUTENES: 9
• 122 BUTADIENE ISOPRENE AND CHLOROPRENE: 12
• 123 BENZENE TOLUENE AND XYLENES BTX: 13
• 124 SYNTHESIS GAS: 17
• References: 18
• Types of Catalysts used in Petrochemical Processes: 19
• 21 Catalyst Types: 20
• 212 HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS: 21
• 22 Basic Principles of Coordination Compounds: 23
• 222 STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: 26
• 223 SOME REACTION TYPES CHARACTERISTIC OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: 29
• 224 REQUIREMENTS OF EFFECTIVE CATALYSIS: 33
• References: 34
• HydrogenationDehydrogenation Processes: 35
• 311 HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS: 36
• 312 HYDROGENATION REACTIONS AND PROCESSES: 37
• 32 Dehydrogenation: 50
• 322 DEHYDROGENATION OF HIGHER ALKANES TO MONOALKENES: 52
• 323 CATALYTIC REFORMING OF NAPHTHA PRODUCTION OF BENZENE TOLUENE AND XYLENES: 54
• 324 DEHYDROGENATION OF ETHYLBENZENE: 63
• 325 DEHYDROGENATION OF ALCOHOLS: 64
• References: 65
• Alkylation Processes: 66
• 41 Alkylation Catalysts: 67
• 42 Alkylation Using Alkenes Olefins: 71
• 421 ALKYLATION OF ISOBUTANE PRODUCTION OF 224 TRIMETHYLPENTANE AND OTHER BRANCHED ALKANES: 72
• 422 ALKYLATION OF BENZENE WITH ALKENES: 74
• 423 ALKYLATION OF PHENOL WITH ALKENES: 79
• 431 ALKYLATION OF PHENOL WITH METHANOL PRODUCTION OF METHYLPHENOLS: 80
• 433 ALKYLATION OF AMINES WITH METHANOL PRODUCTION OF METHYLAMINES: 81
• 44 Alkylation using Alkyl Halides: 82
• References: 83
• Catalytic Oxidation Reactions: 84
• 52 Oxidation of Olefins: 85
• 522 PROPYLENE OXIDATION: 92
• Methanol to Formaldehyde: 97
• 531 SILVER PROCESS: 98
• 532 IRON MOLYBDATE PROCESS: 99
• 54 Oxidation of Aldehydes: 100
• 551 PHENOL: 102
• 552 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE: 104
• 553 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE: 105
• 554 TEREPHTHALIC ACID: 106
• 555 ANTHRAQUINONE: 107
• 556 AMMOXIDATION: 108
• Production and Uses of Synthesis Gas: 109
• 62 Manufacture of Synthesis Gas: 110
• 624 SYNTHESIS GAS PURIFICATION: 111
• 625 ECONOMICS OF SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION: 112
• 627 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF STEAM REFORMING OF NATURAL GAS: 113
• 63 Synthesis Gas as a Chemical Feedstock: 115
• 632 FISCHERTROPSCH AND RELATED SYNTHESES: 118
• 633 AMMONIA AND RELATED PRODUCTS: 125
• References: 127
• Oxo and Carbonylation Reactions: 128
• 71 The Oxo Process: 129
• 711 THE MECHANISM OF THE COBALT CARBONYL CATALYZED HYDROFORMYLATION: 132
• 72 The Carbonylation of Olefins: 135
• 73 Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid: 136
• References: 137
• Acid or Base Catalyzed Addition Elimination and Substitution Reactions: 138
• 83 Hydration of Olefins: 140
• 832 ISOPROPANOL PRODUCTION: 142
• 833 HIGHER ALCOHOLS BY HYDRATION OF OLEFINS: 143
• 85 Propene Oxide and Higher Epoxides: 145
• 86 Dimerization and Oligomerization of Olefins: 146
• 872 VINYL FLUORIDE: 148
• 873 VINYL ACETATE: 149
• 882 ACRYLONITRILE: 150
• 883 ALLYL COMPOUNDS: 151
• 884 METHACRYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES: 153
• References: 155
• Catalytic Polymerization: 156
• 92 Classification of Polymers: 159
• 921 PLASTICS: 160
• 931 Condensation Polymerization: 162
• 931 CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION: 163
• 94 Polymerization Techniques: 174
• 95 Some Important Polymers Formed by Coordination Catalysts: 175
• 952 PRODUCTION OF LINEAR ALCOHOLS: 176
• 954 PRODUCTION OF LINEAR POLYETHYLENES: 177
• 955 PRODUCTION OF POLYPROPYLENE: 178
• 956 POLYBUTADIENE: 179
• 958 TRANSPOLYPENTAMER: 180
• References: 181
• Experimental Techniques in Catalysis: 182
• 102 Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts: 183
• 1021 MIXING: 184
• 103 Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts: 186
• 104 Testing Catalysts in the Laboratory: 188
• 1042 EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENTIAL REACTORS: 189
• 105 Preparation of Homogeneous Catalysts: 191
• 106 Characterization of Homogeneous Catalysts: 192
• 107 Testing of Homogeneous Catalysts: 193
• References: 194
• Index: 195

Bibliographic information

• Title: Catalysis in Petrochemical Processes
• Editors: M.S. Matar, M.J. Mirbach, H.A. Tayim
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 1988
• ISBN: 902772721X, 9789027727213
• Length: 216 pages
• Subjects: Science / Chemistry / Industrial & Technical; Science / Chemistry / Organic; Science / Chemistry / Physical & Theoretical; Technology & Engineering / Chemical & Biochemical