Water Treatment and Purification |
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acid aeration alkalinity alum American Water amount backwash bicarbonate blowdown blowoff boiler water brine CaCO3 calcium and magnesium calcium carbonate calcium sulphate carbon dioxide carbonate hardness CaSO4 chemical solution chlorine coagulation combination concentration condenser corrosion deaerating dissolved solids effect effluent embrittlement Engineering Chemistry evaporator excess filtration grains per gallon gravel gravity hard water heater hydrogen hydroxide impurities Industrial and Engineering inlet ions Journal lime and soda-ash lime-soda softener Magnesium bicarbonate make-up water noncarbonate hardness operating organic matter phosphate pipe plants precipitates pressure prevent pump rapid sand filter ratio raw water react reaction tank regeneration remove residual salts sample sand bed sedimentation settling basin settling tank silica sludge soda ash sodium carbonate sodium sulphate soft water soluble steam suspended matter tastes and odors total hardness treated water trisodium phosphate turbidity valve wash water Water Softening water supply Water Works Association zeolite zeolite softener