The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel

James McIntyre Camp, Charles Blaine Francis

Carnegie Steel Company, 1920 - Refractory materials - 614 pages

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If you can't find what you need to know about steel or iron in this book, you haven't looked hard enough.

Contents

• MAKING OF STEEL: 1
• The Ether: 7
• Continued: 12
• Occurrence Preparation Properties and Some: 23
• Fuels: 58
• TableApproximate Analyses of the Different: 78
• The Beehive Process for the Manufacture: 86
• Some Properties and Uses of the Raw: 105
• Uses of Toluene: 111
• The Manufacture of Pig Iron: 125
• A Brief Outline of the Process and Equip: 130
• Equipment for Handling Raw and Finished: 150
• Stock House Equipment: 151
• Disposal Equipment for the Iron: 152
• Filling: 153
• Heating the Bottom: 154
• Care of Runners: 155
• Tapping Slag: 156
• Some Irregularities of Furnace Operation: 157
• b Scaffolding: 158
• Banking: 159
• a Outline of a Method for Solving a Burdening Problem: 161
• Table 27 Analysis of Raw Materials Used in the Blast Furnace: 163
• Behavior of Nitrogen in the Furnace: 165
• Action of Calcium and Magnesium: 166
• The Bessemer Process of Manufacturing Steel: 172
• 1 Charging the Vessel: 187
• Controlling the Blow: 188
• The End of the Blow: 189
• 1 Deoxidation and Recarburization: 190
• Loss of Recarburizer and Deoxidizer: 191
• Teeming: 192
• 1 The Order of Elimination of the Elements: 193
• Reactions of the First Period: 194
• Reactions of the Second Period: 195
• Chemistry of Recarburizing and Deoxidizing: 196
• 1 Early History of the Process: 198
• Principles of Siemens Pig and Ore Process: 199
• Mechanical Changes and Improvements in Siemens Process: 200
• The Process for the Pittsburgh District: 201
• 1 The Modern Plant: 202
• Fuels: 203
• Hot Metal Mixer: 204
• The Stripper: 205
• The Charging Machine: 206
• Charging Boxes: 207
• Chief Features of Basic Open Hearth: 209
• Regenerators for Natural and Coke Oven Gases: 216
• Finishing the HeatMaking Steel from: 226
• Manufacture of Steel in Electric Furnaces: 243
• Electromagnetic Induction: 249
• Some General Conclusions: 267
• The Duplex and Triplex Processes: 293
• THE SHAPING OF STEEL CHAPTER I The Mechanical Properties of Steel: 299
• The Mechanical Treatment of Steel: 312
• The Three Methods for Mechanically Working Steel: 316
• Essentials of Rolling Mill Construction: 322
• Parts or the Mill Essential to the Oper: 331
• Some General Features Pertaining: 336
• Preparation of the Steel for Rolling: 342
• The Rolling of Blooms and Slabs: 364
• The Rolling of Billets and Other Semi: 391
• 1 Difficulties and Methods of RollingSemiFinished Flats: 406
• Sheet Bar: 408
• a The Layout for the Mill: 409
• Hot Saws and Shears: 410
• e Pinions and Housings: 411
• f Rolls and Roll Housings: 412
• 1 Reasons for Studying Defects: 413
• Cobbling: 414
• Guide Marks: 415
• Splits or Cracks in Billets and Blooms: 417
• 1 Reheating: 418
• Types of Reheating Furnaces: 419
• b The Recuperative or Continuous Furnace 421 3 The Advantages of Continuous Reheating Furnaces: 421
• 1 Methods of Rolling Plates: 423
• a The Drive and Connections: 424
• Difficulties in Rolling Sheared Plates: 425
• The Rolling Process: 426
• Cooling and Straightening: 427
• Test Pieces: 429
• a Shearing Tolerances: 430
• Slip Maker: 431
• The Operation of Rolling: 432
• Straightening Marking and Shearing U M Plate: 433
• Inspection of Plates: 434
• 1 Development of Rail Manufacture: 436
• Methods of Rolling Rails: 437
• How to Study Roll Design: 438
• Stages of Reduction: 439
• The Hot Templet: 441
• e Preparation for the Rolling: 443
• The Diagonal Method: 447
• Rolling Heavy Rails: 448
• The Various Steps in Shaping of Rails: 449
• Cutting: 450
• Recording: 451
• Light Rails: 452
• The Rolling of Strip and Merchant Mill Products: 470
• Designing Rolls and Making up Schedules: 482
• Shearing and Bundling Merchant Mill: 490
• Manner of Gauging Different Sections: 496
• The Carnegie Schoen Method: 498
• The Forging of Circular Shapes: 507
• The Constitution and Structure of Plain Steel: 518
• The IronCarbon Eutectic: 524
• Heat Treating Theory and Practice: 539
• 1 The Tempering Process: 554
• Nature and Theory of Tempering: 555
• Methods of Determining Tempering Temperatures: 556
• Influence of Time in Tempering: 557
• a Tempering Austenitic Steels: 558
• Sorbite: 559
• Change of Constituents Due to Toughening Fig 118: 560
• Physical Properties of Toughened Steel Tab 62: 561
• 1 The Process of Carburizing Iron: 562
• Kinds of Steel Suitable for Case Hardening: 563
• g Chromium: 564
• b Carburizing Mixtures and Compounds: 565
• Heating the Carburizing Pack: 566
• a Controlling the Temperature: 567
• Heat Treatment of Case Hardened Articles: 568
• Constituent Elements of Commercial Carbon: 569
• Alloy Steels: 578

Popular passages

Page 13 - Avogadro's principle or hypothesis, which states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules, was the extension of Dalton's Atomic Theory necessary to put the theoretical interpretation of chemistry on a solid foundation.

Page 4 - ... varies directly as the product of the two masses, and inversely as the square of the distance between them.

Page 244 - The foot-pound is called the unit of work, and may be defined as the work done by a force of one pound acting through a distance of one foot.

Page 579 - carbon steel," consists chiefly of iron, carbon, and manganese. Other elements are always present, but are not essential to the formation of the steel, and the content of carbon or manganese, or both, may be very small. Alloy steel is steel that contains one or more elements other than carbon in sufficient proportion to modify or improve substantially and positively some of its useful properties.

Page 4 - Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle, with a force whose direction is that of the line joining the two, and whose magnitude is directly as the product of their masses, and inversely as the square of their distance from each other.

Page 316 - ... distance equal to the stroke of the cylinder and then allowed to drop upon the anvil or bottom die. This hammer had the advantage of always keeping the top and bottom dies parallel, but was still lacking in one important particular. Its power being derived from the inertia of the falling tup or ram, the hammer had the least power when it was most needed, that is, when pieces of large diameter or of great thickness were being worked. This fault in the single acting hammer was corrected by the...

Page 590 - Moreover, the presence of both chrome and nickel seems to intensify certain physical characteristics. To the increased ductility and toughness conferred by nickel on the ferrite there is added the mineral hardness given to the cementite and pearlite by the chrome, but with a greater resultant effect.

Page 118 - ... their training and by the extent of their experience with these materials. The presence of magnesium in limestone in small amounts has little effect, but as the content increases, it may lower the fusion point of the resultant slag by the formation of double salts. A high percentage (over 3 per cent) of magnesia in blast furnace slag renders it undesirable for cement, but for concrete, ballast, etc., it is desirable as it makes the slag harder. Aside from this objection, not one of much weight,...

Page 578 - Steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to some element or elements other than carbon, or jointly to such other elements and carbon.

Page 289 - The electric furnace gives a metal of low or high carbon content as desired, hot enough to pour into thin molds and still free from slags and gases.

Bibliographic information

• Title: The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel
• Authors: James McIntyre Camp, Charles Blaine Francis
• Edition: 2
• Publisher: Carnegie Steel Company, 1920
• Original from: the University of Wisconsin - Madison
• Digitized: Apr 25, 2007
• Length: 614 pages