International Law: A Treatise, Volume 1

Lassa Oppenheim

Longmans, Green, and Company, 1905 - International law

Contents

• CHAPTER I: 3
• Legal Force of the Law of Nations contested: 4
• Characteristics of Rules of Law: 6
• Definition and Three Essential Conditions of Law: 8
• Law not to be identified with Municipal Law: 9
• The Family of Nations a Community: 10
• The Family of Nations a Community with Rules of Conduct: 12
• Practice recognises Law of Nations as Law: 13
• Basis of the Law of Nations 11 Common Consent the Basis of Law: 15
• Custom in Contradistinction to Usage: 22
• Treaties as Source of International Law: 23
• Factors influencing the Growth of International Law: 24
• Relations between International and Municipal Law 20 Essential Difference between International and Municipal Law: 25
• Law of Nations never per se Municipal Law: 26
• Certain Rules of Municipal Law necessitated or interdicted: 27
• Presumption against conflicts between International and Municipal Law: 28
• Case of the Franconia: 29
• Dominion of the Law of Nations 26 Range of Dominion of International Law controversial: 30
• Three Conditions of Membership of the Family of Nations: 31
• Present Range of Dominion of the Law of Nations: 32
• Treatment of States outside the Family of Nations: 34
• Codification of the Law of Nations: 35
• Movement in Favour of Codification: 36
• Work of the Hague Peace Conference: 37
• U S Naval War Code: 38
• Merits of Codification in general: 39
• Merits of Codification of International Law: 41
• How Codification could be realised: 43
• CHAPTER II: 44
• The Jews: 45
• The Greeks: 48
• The Romans: 50
• No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages: 52
• The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century: 54
• The time of Grotius: 58
• The period 16481721: 60
• The period 17211789: 62
• The period 17891815: 63
• The period 18151856: 65
• The period 18561874: 68
• The period 18741899: 70
• The Twentieth Century: 72
• Five Lessons of the History of the Law of Nations: 73
• The Science of the Law of Nations 52 Forerunners of Grotius: 76
• Grotius: 77
• Zouche: 81
• The Naturalists: 82
• The Positivists: 83
• The Grotians: 85
• Treatises of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: 87
• The Science of the Law of Nations in the Nineteenth Cen tury as represented by treatises: 90
• Collection of Treaties: 94
• Bibliographies: 95
• PART I: 97
• CHAPTER I: 99
• Conception of the State: 100
• Notfull Sovereign States: 101
• Divisibility of Sovereignty contested: 103
• Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century: 105
• Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century: 106
• Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty: 108
• Changes in the Condition of International Persons: 114
• How far Succession actually takes place: 120
• Independence and Territorial as well as Personal Supremacy as Aspects of Sovereignty 170: 123
• Consequences of Independence and Territorial and Personal: 124
• States in Personal Union: 126
• Vassal States: 133
• Protectorates outside the Family of Nations: 139
• SRCT PAGE: 145
• International position of the Holy See and the Pope: 152
• CHAPTER II: 158
• Rank of States: 164
• Supremacy: 171
• Violations of Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy: 172
• Restrictions upon Independence: 173
• Restrictions upon Territorial Supremacy: 175
• Restrictions upon Personal Supremacy: 176
• Selfpreservation 129 Selfpreservation an excuse for violations: 177
• What acts of selfpreservation are excused: 178
• Case of the Danish Fleet: 179
• Case of Amelia Island: 180
• Intervention 134 Conception and Character of Intervention: 181
• Intervention by Right: 183
• Admissibility of Intervention in default of Right: 185
• Intervention in the interest of Humanity: 186
• Intervention de facto a Matter of Policy: 187
• The Monroe Doctrine: 188
• Merits of the Monroe Doctrine: 190
• Intercourse 141 Intercourse a presupposition of International Personality: 191
• Consequences of Intercourse as a presupposition of Inter national Personality: 193
• Jurisdiction 143 Jurisdiction important for the position of the States within the Family of Nations: 194
• Jurisdiction over Citizens abroad: 195
• Criminal Jurisdiction over Foreigners in Foreign States: 196
• The Bosphorus and Dardanelles: 197
• RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES I On State Responsibility in General SECT PAGE 148 Nature of State Responsibility: 198
• Original and Vicarious State Responsibility: 199
• Essential Difference between Original and Vicarious Re sponsibility: 200
• State Responsibility for International Delinquencies 151 Conception of International Delinquencies: 201
• Subjects of International Delinquencies: 202
• State Organs able to commit International Delinquencies: 203
• Objects of International Delinquencies: 204
• State Responsibility for Acts of State Organs 157 Responsibility varies with Organs concerned: 206
• Internationally injurious Acts of Diplomatic Envoys: 207
• Internationally injurious Attitudes of Parliaments: 208
• Internationally injurious Acts of administrative Officials and Military and Naval Forces: 209
• State Responsibility for Acts of Private Persons 164 Vicarious in contradistinction to Original State Responsi bility for Acts of Private Persons: 211
• Municipal Law for Offences against Foreign States: 212
• STATE TERRITORY: 217
• Lakes and Landlocked Seas: 230
• The Panama Canal: 236
• Fisheries Cabotage Police and Maritime Ceremonials within: 242
• VOL I: 246
• Discrimination between Open Sea and Territorial Waters: 252
• Claim of States to Maritime Flag: 258
• Territorial Quality of Vessels on the Open: 264
• Cession: 268
• Occupation: 275
• Inchoate Title of Discovery: 277
• Notification of Occupation to other Powers: 278
• Protectorate as Precursor of Occupation: 280
• Spheres of influence: 281
• Consequences of Occupation: 282
• Accretion 229 Conception of Accretion: 283
• Different kinds of Accretion: 284
• Deltas: 285
• Abandoned Riverbeds: 286
• Subjugation 236 Conception of Conquest and of Subjugation: 287
• Subjugation in Contradistinction to Occupation: 288
• Subjugation of the whole or of a part of Enemy Territory: 289
• Consequences of Subjugation: 290
• Veto of third Powers: 292
• Prescription 242 Conception of Prescription: 293
• Prescription how effected: 294
• Loss of State Territory 244 Six modes of losing State Territory: 296
• Operation of Nature: 297
• Dereliction: 298
• CHAPTER II: 300
• Practical Expression of claims to Maritime Sovereignty: 302
• Grotiuss Attack on Maritime Sovereignty: 303
• Gradual recognition of the Freedom of the Open Sea: 305
• Shipwreck and Distress on the Open: 324
• Jurisdiction over Pirates and their Punishment: 330
• Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea admitted: 338
• International Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables: 339
• CHAPTER III: 341
• Individuals Objects of the Law of Nations: 344
• Nationality the Link between Individuals and the Law of Nations: 345
• The Law of Nations and the Rights of Mankind: 346
• Nationality 293 Conception of Nationality: 348
• Function of Nationality: 349
• Socalled Protégés and de facto Subjects: 350
• Nationality and Emigration: 351
• Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality 297 Five Modes of Acquisition of Nationality: 352
• Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalisation: 353
• Acquisition of Nationality through Redintegration: 354
• Acquisition of Nationality through Subjugation and Cession: 355
• Naturalisation in Especial 303 Conception and Importance of Naturalisation: 357
• Object of Naturalisation: 358
• Conditions of Naturalisation: 359
• Naturalisation in Great Britain: 360
• Double and Absent Nationality 308 Possibility of Double and Absent Nationality: 362
• Position of Individuals with Double Nationality: 364
• How Absent Nationality occurs: 365
• Position of Individuals destitute of Nationality: 366
• No Obligation to admit Foreigners: 369
• Reception of Foreigners under conditions: 370
• Socalled Right of Asylum: 371
• Position of Foreigners after Reception 317 Foreigners subjected to Territorial Supremacy: 372
• Foreigners in Eastern Countries: 373
• Foreigners under the Protection of their Home State: 374
• Protection to be afforded to Foreigners Persons and Pro perty: 375
• How far Foreigners can be treated according to Discretion: 376
• Departure from the Foreign Country: 377
• Expulsion of Foreigners 323 Competence to expel Foreigners: 378
• Just Causes of Expulsion of Foreigners: 379
• Expulsion how effected: 381
• Extradition 327 Extradition no legal duty: 382
• Extradition Treaties how arisen: 383
• Municipal Extradition Laws 385: 386
• Extraditable Crimes: 387
• Effectuation and Condition of Extradition: 388
• Principle of NonExtradition of Political Criminals 333 How Nonextradition of Political Criminals became the Rule: 389
• Difficulty concerning the Conception of Political Crime: 392
• The socalled Belgian Attentat Clause: 394
• The Swiss Solution of the Problem in 1892: 395
• How to avoid Misapplication of the Principle of Non extradition of Political Criminals: 398
• Reactionary Extradition Treaties: 400
• HEADS OF STATES AND FOREIGN OFFICES: 403
• The Retinue of Monarchs abroad: 410
• CHAPTER II: 416
• Conception of Right of Legation: 419
• Chargés dAffaires: 425
• Mode and Solemnity of Reception: 431
• Privileges due to Diplomatic Envoys: 437
• Exemption from Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction: 445
• Exemption from Subpœna as witness: 446
• Exemption from Police: 447
• Common Consent of the Family of Nations the Basis of International Law 16: 448
• Selfjurisdiction: 449
• Position of Diplomatic Envoys as regards Third States 397 Possible Cases: 450
• Envoy found by Belligerents on occupied Enemy Territory: 452
• The Retinue of Diplomatic Envoys 401 Different Classes of Members of Retinue: 453
• Privileges of Members of Legation: 454
• Privileges of Private Servants: 455
• Privileges of Couriers of Envoys: 456
• Accomplishment of Object of Mission: 457
• Recall: 458
• Promotion to a higher Class: 459
• Revolutionary Changes of Government: 460
• Death of Envoy: 461
• CHAPTER III: 463
• General Character of Consuls: 465
• Menofwar State Organs: 485
• Occasions for Menofwar abroad: 486
• Position of Menofwar in foreign waters: 487
• Position of Crew when on Land abroad: 488
• Agents without Diplomatic or Consular Character 452 Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character: 489
• Secret Political Agents: 490
• Spies: 491
• Commissaries: 492
• Bearers of Despatches: 493
• Commissions in the interest of Navigation: 494
• Commissions in the interest of Sanitation: 495
• Permanent Commission concerning Sugar: 496
• International Office of Weights and Measures: 497
• Permanent Office of the Sugar Convention: 498
• The International Bureau: 499
• The Deciding Tribunal: 500
• Objects in general of Treaties: 501
• No necessary Form of Treaties: 507
• Ratification of Treaties: 531
• Ratification cannot be partial and conditional: 537
• Hostages: 543
• SECT PAGE 562 Declaration of St Petersburg: 566
• Treaty of Constantinople of 1888: 567
• Treaty of Washington of 1901: 568
• Alliances 569 Conception of Alliances: 569
• Parties to Alliances: 570
• Different kinds of Alliances: 571
• Casus Fœderis: 572
• Treaties of Guarantee and of Protection 574 Conception and Objects of Guarantee Treaties: 573
• Effect of Treaties of Guarantee: 574
• Effect of Collective Guarantee: 575
• Treaties of Protection: 576
• Universal Postal Union: 577
• Universal Telegraph Union: 578
• Convention concerning the Metric System: 579
• Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs: 580
• Phylloxera Conventions: 581
• Convention for Preservation of Wild Animals in Africa: 582
• APPENDIX THE ANGLOFRENCH AGREEMENT OF APRIL 8 1904: 583
• Declaration respecting Egypt and Morocco: 585
• Convention signed at London April 8 1904: 588
• Declaration concerning Siam Madagascar and the New Hebrides: 593
• INDEX: 595
• Bumboats in the North: 597
• Seal Fisheries in Behring: 607
• States the Subjects of the Law of Nations 18: 18
• Equality an Inference from the Basis of International Law 19: 19
• Source in Contradistinction to Cause 20: 20
• The two Sources of International Law 21: 21

Bibliographic information

• Title: International Law: A Treatise, Volume 1; International Law: A Treatise, Lassa Oppenheim
• Author: Lassa Oppenheim
• Edition: 4
• Publisher: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1905
• Original from: the University of Michigan
• Digitized: Nov 21, 2008