A Short Manual of Comparative Philology for Classical Students

Peter Giles

Macmillan and Company, limited, 1895 - Comparative linguistics - 619 pages

Contents

• What is Philology?: 3
• Accent: 6
• languages: 13
• How do IndoGermanic languages differ from other languages ? SECTION PAGE 20 Latin equos and its cognates in other Idg languages 22 20 Latin...: 22
• Division of equos and viduos as above: 23
• Definition of a root How words come to be roots: 24
• Latin mens and its cognates in other Idg languages: 27
• Component parts of mens Its related verb forms 27 Latin dõs and do and their cognates: 28
• Case suffixes and their uses: 29
• Loss of inflexions in English: 30
• 312 Vowelgradation in roots and suffixes: 31
• Distinction between Idg and Isolating languages: 33
• Agglutinative: 34
• Semitic: 36
• Are all these families sprung from one original ?: 37
• The Principles of modern Philology 378 Prescientific attempts at etymology: 38
• Scientific study of language: 39
• Pott Curtius Schleicher Müller etc: 40
• Ascolis theory of two ksounds etc: 42
• Verners accent theory: 43
• 434 Principles of modern philology and their authors: 44
• Is Philology a science ?: 47
• How Philology differs from the natural sciences: 48
• Analogy: 49
• Proportional: 51
• Combination of logical and formal analogy: 54
• Analogy in gender 567 syntax: 55
• Semasiology: 57
• Dialect and language: 63
• Continuous action of natural laws: 65
• CHAPTER V: 66
• Physiology of language Breath and voice: 67
• Mute consonants or stops: 68
• Spirants: 69
• 71 Greek spiritus asper: 70
• qh gh kh ĝh th dh ph: 73
• pf ts: 74
• Change of Aspirates through affricates to spirants: 76
• r l and their different forms: 78
• SECTION PAGE 88 Accent used in two senses: 79
• Pitchaccent 91 Languages with pitchaccent: 80
• Accent of Idg language: 81
• Three degrees of pitch and stressaccent 96 Accentpoints 97 Kinds of pitchaccents: 82
• Differences 1 between English and the Classical languages and 2 between English and other Germanic languages 1: 83
• Grimms Law 101 Idg breathed aspirates in Germanic: 84
• Grassmanns Law 103 Consonant combinations not affected by Grimms Law 85 1: 85
• Consonants with and without glides Table of the more important sounds: 87
• 1089 Assimilation final sounds: 88
• English spelling: 89
• IndoGermanic sounds: 95
• Latin alphabet and pronunciation: 101
• SECTION PAGE 129: 105
• History of p English f sometimesIdg k and: 106
• 132: 107
• 134: 108
• Value of early forms in philology: 111
• High German consonant change: 112
• SECTION: 116
• 142: 118
• 150: 124
• ā 161 ē Latin changes: 129
• 162: 130
• õ Latin changes: 131
• Latin changes: 132
• i: 133
• 169: 134
• Varying treatment of į and u according to position 171 į and y preceding a sonant in the same syllable 172 medially between vowels: 136
• following a sonant in the same syllable 174 History of ai Latin changes 175: 137
• 176: 138
• 178: 139
• ou 180 Changes in Latin owing to y 181 Diphthongs with long sonant 136: 140
• On some Combinations of Consonants: 142
• 7 series: 147
• History of m: 156
• Shortening of vowels: 172
• 2303 Prothesis of a e 0 1: 174
• mm: 175
• 2378 Words wrongly divided: 176
• wpeléw and opellw 240 Wrongly divided words in English: 178
• Loss of final consonants assimilation v DEAKUOTIKOV 242 Loss of final s in Latin 243 Crasis Greek åv år kat etc 244 Latin et ac atque: 180
• Scansion of diphthongs before vowels in Homer 246 προτί and πρός 247 éš and eis 248 Survival of double forms 177 178 179 180: 181
• CHAPTER XIV: 182
• Chronology Different laws prevail at different times: 183
• Formal analogy Loss of consonants in combination Logical analogy: 184
• 157: 185
• New suffix formed of last sound of root + old suffix: 186
• Double consonants Their simplification: 187
• Groups of three or more consonants Influence of s in simplifying groups: 188
• Initial combinations with s followed by stop simplified: 189
• 261: 190
• Accentuation of dactylic words: 196
• Latin: 203
• G: 209
• SECTION: 211
• Living and dead suffixes: 217
• Gender in other suffixes: 223
• Long sonant nasals: 227
• 304: 234
• 305: 235
• 306: 237
• 308: 238
• Pitch and stress accent: 249
• Two systems of accentuation to be discussed: 250
• Vowel gradation Interchange of e and o affected by analogy: 251
• not equally conspicuous in all languages: 252
• Typical forms of roots Weak forms arise from stress accent: 253
• Levelling of vowel grades in Latin: 254
• Special cause of levelling in Latin: 255
• Long vowels in the short vowel series: 256
• Vowel series rarely complete in any language: 257
• 0 series: 258
• 0 series: 259
• SECTION PAGE: 260
• Genitive: 270
• Structure of the word and sentence: 276
• b 2: 278
• a Latin changes: 282
• Locative e e e: 287
• its earliest usage lost in Latin: 297
• ues Stem formation in the noun: 302
• No separate forms for some cases: 303
• Simple and complex suffixes 344 Classification of suffixes according to sounds 345 Influences which affect suffixes 346 Stems in stops Labial stems ...: 305
• k  and 9: 306
• spirants 8 stems: 307
• jes 353: 308
• 354: 309
• Ablative singular Separate from gen only in o stems 240: 311
• liquids r stems 355 ter tor 356 nasals: 312
• Different grades in different meanings 358 Stems in en on: 313
• men mon mn mn: 314
• jen jon in in in Lat tion: 315
• uen zon ūn un ur upto: 316
• Nom voc Plural: 317
• Gradations in nt stems: 318
• Stems in ųent unt 365 vowels and diphthongs: 319
• 2 Confusion with other stems in Latin: 320
• confused in Greek and Latin adjectives 368 ti: 321
• tāt and tūt 370: 322
• Instrumental Plural: 323
• 399: 337
• 401: 338
• CHAPTER XXIII: 342
• THE VERB: 352
• SECTION: 356
• The Present Formations: 369
• Dual and Plural: 378
• p: 379
• SECTION PAGE 485 VI Verb stems in dh and d: 383
• Other possible consonant suffixes 487 VII Verb stems in jo Suffix mainly secondary a jo appended to i strong ii weak form of root iii to long vowel ...: 385
• Causatives and intensives in eio: 386
• Greek desiderative verbs: 388
• CHAPTER XXVI: 389
• Greek future forms 493 Latin futures of three types: 390
• Distinctive characteristics of the perfect: 391
• Greek perfects in ka: 392
• 309: 393
• perfects in vi and ui: 394
• Strong aorist and imperfect identical Gk 2 Aor Pass: 395
• Latin imperfects in bam 502 The s aorists: 397
• Pluperfect a late development 506 Greek pluperfect: 398
• Subjunctive and optative: 399
• Thematic subj from nonthematic indic 510 Subj of thematic stems 511 Analogy in forms of subj 512 Optative suffix of two types 513 Optative of 8 ...: 402
• thematic stems 515 Latin imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives 516523 Imperative: 404
• bare stem p 404 518 stem + dhi ib 519 stem + töd p 405: 405
• 185: 406
• CHAPTER XXX: 407
• 527: 409
• Uses of the Verb Forms SECTION PAGE 539 Difficulties of verb syntax: 413
• Different methods of forming Passive 541 Transitive and intransitive meanings of Active: 414
• 5434 Verbtypes Durative and perfective verbs: 415
• Uses of the Tenses: 417
• Possessive adjectives: 418
• Present may express i action ii process iii state: 419
• iv present with adverb of timepast: 421
• Imperfect narrative tense relation to aorist three values: 422
• Perfect an intensive present expresses a state: 424
• Greek pluperfect: 426
• Latin: 427
• Aorist i perfective ii inceptive iii present iv of immediate past: 430
• v of future: 431
• Latin Passive aorist perfect 9: 432
• Future perfect: 433
• 556567 Uses of the Moods: 434
• Chief difficulties of the question: 435
• Subjunctive has three values: 436
• Subjunctive of will: 438
• interrogation: 439
• future potential: 440
• Optative has three values: 441
• Optative of wish 564 interrogation: 442
• SECTION PAGE 566 Greek optative with and without äv: 443
• 311: 444
• Latin imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive new forms 569 History of Lat present and aorist perfect subj 570 imperfect and pluperfect: 445
• APPENDIX A THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETS 601 Origin of Greek alphabet: 447
• Adaptation of Phoenician alphabet: 448
• Development of new Greek symbols: 449
• Eastern and Western Greek alphabets: 450
• Origin of Latin and other Italic alphabets: 451
• 312: 452
• Confusion of breathed and voiced stops 608 Oscan Umbrian Faliscan alphabets Etruscan influence: 453
• B THE GREEK DIALECTS 610 Physical features of Greece encourage development of dialects: 455
• Linguistic without racial changes: 456
• Achaean Dorian AtticIonic: 457
• 6146 Sources of our knowledge of dialects Causes of corruption: 458
• 6178 Arcadian with specimen: 459
• 619_620 Cyprian: 462
• comprehends three dialects: 464
• 214: 466
• Boeotian with specimens: 470
• 642: 488
• SECTION PAGE: 498
• Latin: 507
• 147: 509
• 186: 510
• 315: 511
• 187: 515
• 318: 516
• 488: 517
• 319: 522
• 321: 525
• 127: 526
• nu ru lu: 528
• Latin Supines: 529
• 7 iē 375 0 and ā Relation to cons stems: 530
• Gerund: 531
• 128: 532
• in nt: 533
• Perfect participle active: 534
• Participles in meno mono: 535
• to teuo: 536
• Latin participle in tūro: 537
• gerundive participle 411: 538
• 412: 541
• Compensatory lengthening of vowels: 544

Bibliographic information

• Title: A Short Manual of Comparative Philology for Classical Students; Macmillan's manuals for students
• Author: Peter Giles
• Edition: 2, reprint
• Publisher: Macmillan and Company, limited, 1895
• Original from: the University of California
• Digitized: Feb 20, 2008
• Length: 619 pages