A Short Manual of Comparative Philology for Classical Students

Peter Giles

Macmillan and Company, limited, 1895 - Comparative linguistics - 619 pages

Contents

• What is Philology?: 3
• Accent: 6
• How do IndoGermanic languages differ from other languages? SECTION PAGE 20 Latin equos and its cognates in other Idg languages: 22
• Division of equos and viduos as above: 23
• Definition of a root How words come to be roots: 24
• Latin mens and its cognates in other Idg languages: 26
• Latin dos and do and their cognates: 28
• Case suffixes and their uses: 29
• Loss of inflexions in English: 30
• 312 Vowelgradation in roots and suffixes: 31
• Distinction between Idg and Isolating languages: 33
• Agglutinative: 34
• Semitic: 36
• Are all these families sprung from one original?: 37
• The Principles of modern Philology 378 Prescientific attempts at etymology: 38
• Scientific study of language: 39
• Pott Curtius Schleicher Muller etc: 40
• Ascolis theory of two Asounds etc: 42
• Verners accent theory: 43
• 434 Principles of modern philology and their authors: 44
• Ib Philology a science?: 47
• How Philology differs from the natural sciences: 48
• Analogy: 49
• Proportional: 51
• o series 190: 53
• Combination of logical and formal analogy: 54
• Analogy in gender 567 syntax: 55
• Semasiology: 57
• Dialect and language: 63
• Continuous action of natural laws: 65
• CHAPTER V: 66
• Physiology of language Breath and voice: 67
• Mute consonants or stops: 68
• Spirants: 69
• Three classes of dental spirants It 71 Greek spiritus asper: 70
• qh gh kh h th dh ph: 73
• pf ts: 74
• Change of Aspirates through affricates to spirants: 76
• r I and their different forms: 78
• SECTION PAGE 88 Accent used in two senses: 79
• Pitchaccent 91 Languages with pitchaccent: 80
• Accent of Idg language: 81
• Three degrees of pitch and stressaccent 96 Accentpoints 97 Kinds of pitchaccents: 82
• Differences between the Germ and other Idg languages: 83
• Grimms Law 101 Idg breathed aspirates in Germanic: 84
• Vowels with and without initial glide Spiritus lenis: 85
• Final glide: 86
• Consonants with and without glides Table of the more important sounds: 87
• 1089 Assimilation final sounds: 88
• IndoGermanic sounds: 95
• Latin alphabet and pronunciation: 101
• History of the original IndoGermanic sounds in Greek and Latin SECTION PAGE 130 History of p Englishsometimes Idg k and t: 106
• bh: 107
• t Idg ti in Greek Latin tl 134 d Latin I sometimes Idg d: 108
• dh In Latin b and d but not medially 136 fc Two kinds of gutturals and their repre sentation: 109
• g: 110
• English spelling: 111
• High German consonant change: 112
• e with and without labialisation: 115
• gh with and without labialisation: 117
• s Gk spiritus asper Latin rs: 118
• z: 120
• w and y 145 Number of original liquids uncertain: 121
• History of J: 122
• to: 123
• n and: 124
• History of I and 11: 125
• Nasals as sonants: 126
• History of m and mm: 127
• a Latin changes: 128
• a: 129
• if Latin changes 162 130 163 6 Latin changes: 131
• o: 132
• i Latin changes 166 i 133 167 u Latin changes 168 u: 134
• 3 170 Varying treatment of i and u according to position: 135
• j and u preceding a sonant in the same syllable 172 medially between vowels: 136
• following a sonant in the same syllable: 137
• History of ai Latin changes 175 ei 176 oi: 138
• au: 139
• m 140 180 Changes in Latin owing to u: 141
• On some Combinations of Consonants: 142
• Cause of assimilation: 143
• Formal analogy Loss of consonants in combination Logical analogy: 144
• Influence of suffix on final sound of root: 145
• New suffix formed of last sound of root + old suffix: 146
• Double consonants Their simplification 188 Groups of three or more consonants Influence of s in simplifying groups: 147
• Initial combinations with s followed by stop simplified in Latin: 148
• Combinations of two consonants 192 two stops: 150
• stop + spirant of stop + nasal: 151
• Latin tn and dn Origin of gerund 195 Latin kn: 152
• Combinations of stop + liquid: 153
• stop + i: 154
• Combinations where the first element is a spirant: 155
• si in Greek 201 tu in Greek and Latin: 156
• Loss of s before nasals and liquids 203 tr in Greek and Latin initially 204 medially: 157
• Combinations where the first element is a nasal or liquid: 158
• mr in Greek and Latin 207 Nasals and liquids followed by i in Greek: 159
• On some other Sound Changes 209 Contraction of vowels in Idg period in suffixes of dat sing gen pi loc sing contraction with augment: 166
• Contractions in Greek and Latin: 167
• u: 168
• in Latin clo in foreign words in Latin: 169
• in Greek 217 Compensatory lengthening of vowels: 170
• 221226 in Latin: 171
• SECTION PAGE 227 Shortening of vowels: 172
• Loss of a syllable Syncope only in Latin Loss of one of two similar syllables: 173
• only in Greek: 174
• Phonetics of the sentence Differences between spoken and written language: 175
• Consequences of the fusion of words in the sentence: 176
• tbtpe4o and dfcLXto: 177
• Wrongly divided words in English: 178
• Loss of final consonants assimilation v 4peKvmic6v 242 Loss of final s in Latin: 179
• Crasis Greek dc di kot etc 244 Latin et ac atque: 180
• Scansion of diphthongs before vowels in Homer 246 Tporl and wp6s: 181
• d 265 Examples of niigrade in Sanskrit Note i Bartholomaes vowel series: 192
• ii Streitbergs lengthened grades: 193
• Difference in nature between Greek and Latin accent: 194
• Cause which produced special Greek accent Changes in position of accent under new system: 195
• Accentuation of dactylic words: 196
• Nature of the Greek accents: 197
• Interchange of acute and circumflex 272 Two changes in the special accent of Latin: 198
• Traces in Latin vocalism of the earlier accent 274 Changes of quantity in Latin produced by stress accent: 199
• PART III: 201
• General principles of word formation 275 Words in combination: 203
• Structure of the word and sentence: 204
• Differences between substantive and i verb ii pronoun iii adjective English but: 205
• Adverbs Analogy in their formation: 207
• Analogy in the formation of English adjectives and adverbs: 208
• iSMriv Jyer0ai: 210
• SECTION PAGE 281 Parts in a noun form Suffixes primary and secondary: 211
• Compound stems Analogy in such stems: 212
• Second part of compound stem becoming suffix Eng ly Lat iter: 213
• Case forms in compounds: 215
• Mistaken division of compounds and its results: 216
• Living and dead suffixes: 217
• Four methods of forming new substantives: 218
• Classification of Nouns 289 Boot nouns a without 6 with gradation: 220
• Nouns with formative suffixes Suffixes their signifi cation: 221
• Suffix a and feminine gender: 222
• Gender in other suffixes 293 Natural sex and grammatical gender: 223
• Gender in words indicating objects without sex: 225
• Gender in different stems: 226
• Number Three numbers Plural in abstract nouns: 227
• its earliest usage lost in Latin: 228
• Neuter plural with singular verb: 229
• Schmidts theory of this construction: 230
• Noun cases Are two confused in Instrumental?: 232
• Idg system of cases incomplete 302 The vocative not a case 303 No separate forms for some cases: 233
• Origin of cases Endings pronominal and postpositional Grammatical and local cases: 234
• Three causes of syncretism in cases Table of syncretism: 235
• SECTION PAGE 306 Nominative singular: 237
• Vocative: 238
• Ablative singular Separate from gen only in o stems: 240
• Dative singular Confused in Gk with loo: 241
• Locative singular with and without suffix 313 Extended use of locative in Greek: 242
• Instrumental singular Two suffixes: 243
• nom voc acc: 244
• i?andds: 247
• Survival of double forms: 248
• Pitch and stress accent: 249
• Two systems of accentuation to be discussed: 250
• Vowel gradation Interchange of e and o affected by analogy: 251
• not equally conspicuous in all languages: 252
• Typical forms of roots Weak forms arise from stress accent: 253
• Levelling of vowel grades in Latin: 254
• Special cause of levelling in Latin: 255
• Long vowels in the short vowel series: 256
• Vowel series rarely complete in any language: 257
• o Beries: 258
• o series: 259
• Possessive adjectives: 260
• 1 with verbs of motion towards 2 of time p 268 S of space ib: 269
• Ablative: 276
• 1 with verbs 2 with substantives p 284 3 with adjectives: 285
• 1 sociative 2 of likeness and equality p 298 8 of cause p 294: 294
• Adverbs which are relics of declensionforms: 301
• Stem formation in the noun: 302
• THE VERB: 352
• The Present Formations: 369
• SECTION PAGE 485 VI Verb stems in dh and d: 383
• Other possible consonant suffixes 487 VII Verb stems in io Suffix mainly secondary a ip appended to i strong ii weak form of root iii to long vowel...: 385
• Causatives and intensives in ejo: 386
• Greek desiderative verbs: 388
• CHAPTER XXVI: 389
• Greek future forms 493 Latin futures of three types: 390
• Distinctive characteristics of the perfect: 391
• Greek perfects in xa: 392
• Latin perfect confused with s aorist: 393
• perfects in vi and ui: 394
• Strong aorist and imperfect identical Gk 2 Aor Pass: 395
• Latin imperfects in bam 502 The s aorists: 396
• Thematic s aorists: 397
• Aorists in es and as 505 Pluperfect a late development 506 Greek pluperfect: 398
• SECTION PAGE 508 Subjunctive and optative: 399
• Subj of thematic stems 511 Analogy in forms of subj: 401
• 516523 Imperative: 403
• bare stem p 404 618 stem + dhi ib 619 stem + tod p 405: 405
• CHAPTER XXX: 407
• Greek dative Infinitives: 408
• locative: 409
• Latin Infinitives Active 529 Latin Supines: 410
• Infinitives Passive 531 Gerund: 411
• in nt 534 Perfect participle active: 412
• SECTION PAGE 566 Greek optative with and without in: 443
• 568570 Latin subjunctive: 444
• Latin imperfect and pluperfeot subjunctive new forms 569 History of Lat present and aorist perfect subj 570 imperfect and pluperfect: 445
• APPENDIX The Greek and Latin Alphabets: 447
• Origin of Greek alphabet 602 Adaptation of Phoenician alphabet 603 Development of new Greek symbols 604 Eastern and Western Greek alphabets...: 448
• 453: 453
• The Greek Dialects 610 Physical features of Greece encourage development of dialects: 455
• Linguistic without racial changes: 456
• Achaean Dorian AtticIonic: 457
• 6146 Sources of our knowledge of dialects Causes of corruption: 458
• 6178 Arcadian with specimen: 459
• 619620 Cyprian: 462
• comprehends three dialects: 464
• Ficks Homeric Aeolio: 465
• Thessalian with specimen: 466
• Lesbian and Aeolic of Asia Minor with specimens: 468
• Boeotian with specimens: 470
• Common characteristics of the three dialects: 472
• 627631 Dialects of Northwest Greece in three groups 628 Common characteristics of all three groups 629 Locrian with specimen: 474
• Phocian including Delphian with specimen: 476
• Elean with specimens: 478
• Doric where spoken sources: 480
• Common characteristics of all Doric dialects 636 dialectus severior dial mitis: 482
• Laconian with specimens 638 Heraclean with specimen: 484
• Messenian 640 Dialect of Argolis and Aegina with specimen: 486
• Megara Selinus Byzantium with specimen 642 bucolic poets: 488
• 6445 CreteGortyn with specimen: 490
• Melos Thera Cyrene with specimens: 492
• 649656 Ionic with specimens: 494
• Ionic of Homer 651 lyric and elegiac poets 652 Divisions of Ionic: 496
• 183: 507
• 184: 509
• 186: 510
• 187: 515
• Participles in meno mono: 535
• to teuo: 536
• Latin participle in turo: 537
• gerundive participle: 538

Bibliographic information

• Title: A Short Manual of Comparative Philology for Classical Students; Macmillan's manuals for students
• Author: Peter Giles
• Edition: 2, reprint
• Publisher: Macmillan and Company, limited, 1895
• Original from: the University of California
• Digitized: Feb 20, 2008
• Length: 619 pages