An Introduction to Astronomy

Forest Ray Moulton

Macmillan, 1918 - Astronomy - 577 pages

Contents

• Preliminary Considerations ARTS PAGE 1 Science: 1
• The value of science: 2
• The origin of science: 4
• The methods of science: 6
• The imperfections of science: 10
• Great contributions of astronomy to science: 14
• The present value of astronomy: 16
• The scope of astronomy: 19
• CHAPTER U THE EARTH: 20
• The Shape of the Earth 9 Astronomical problems respecting the earth: 26
• Proofs of the earths sphericity: 31
• Size and shape of the earth: 33
• The theoretical shape of the earth: 38
• Different kinds of latitude: 39
• Historical sketch on the shape of the earth: 40
• The Mass of the Earth and the Condition of its Interior 19 The principle by which mass is determined: 43
• The mass and density of the earth: 45
• 2123 Methods of determining the density of the earth: 46
• ARTS PAGE 24 Temperature and pressure in the earths interior: 51
• Proofs of the earths rigidity and elasticity: 52
• Historical sketch on the mass and rigidity of the earth: 62
• The Earths Atmosphere 28 Composition and mass of the earths atmosphere: 64
• 2931 Methods of determining height of the atmosphere: 65
• The kinetic theory of gases: 68
• The escape of atmospheres: 69
• Effects of the atmosphere on climate: 71
• Importance of the constitution of the atmosphere: 72
• R61e of the atmosphere in life processes: 74
• The twinkling of the stars: 76
• CHAPTER III: 77
• Circumpolar star trails Ritchey: 78
• The laws of motion: 79
• 4143 Proofs of the earths rotation: 82
• Consequences of the earths rotation: 85
• Uniformity of the earths rotation: 87
• The variation of latitude: 89
• The precession of the equinoxes and nutation: 92
• The Revolution of the Earth 48 Relative motion of the earth with respect to the sun: 96
• 4952 Proofs of the revolution of the earth: 98
• Shape of the earths orbit: 102
• Motion of the earth in its orbit: 103
• Inclination of the earths orbit: 105
• The cause of the seasons: 107
• Relation of altitude of pole to latitude of observer: 108
• The suns diurnal circles: 109
• Hours of sunlight in different latitudes: 111
• The lag of the seasons: 112
• Effect of eccentricity of earths orbit on seasons: 113
• Historical sketch of the motions of the earth: 115
• Reference Points and Lines arts page 63 Object and character of reference points and lines: 121
• The geographical system: 122
• The horizon system: 123
• The equator system: 125
• The ecliptic system: 127
• Finding the altitude and azimuth 130 71 72 Finding the right ascension and declination: 133
• Other problems of position: 135
• The 40inch telescope of the Yerkes Observatory: 138
• CHAPTER V: 139
• Star catalogues: 141
• The magnitudes of the stars: 142
• The firstmagnitude stars: 143
• The firstmagnitude stars: 144
• Number of stars in first six magnitudes: 145
• The Milky Way or Galaxy: 146
• The constellations and their positions Maps: 147
• Finding the pole star: 149
• Units for estimating angular distances: 150
• The Big Dipper Hughes Yerkes Observatory 149 57 The sickle in Leo Hughes Yerkes Observatory 157 58 Great Andromeda Nebula Ritchey Yerkes ...: 161
• Orion Hughes Yerkes Observatory: 163
• Great Orion Nebula Ritchey Yerkes Observatory: 164
• 85101 Ursa Major Cassiopeia Locating the equinoxes Lyra Hercules Scorpius Corona Borealis Bootes Leo An dromeda Perseus Auriga Taurus Orion ...: 165
• On becoming familiar with the stars: 167
• CHAPTER VI: 169
• The practical measure of time: 170
• Sidereal time: 171
• ARTS TAB 106 Solar time: 172
• Mean solar time: 175
• The equation of time: 176
• Standard time: 177
• Distribution of time: 179
• Civil and astronomical days: 181
• 114116 Sidereal anomalistic and tropical years: 183
• The calendar: 184
• Finding the day of week on any date: 185
• CHAPTER VII: 188
• The moons synodical and sidereal periods: 189
• The phases of the moon: 190
• The diurnal circles of the moon: 192
• The distance of the moon: 194
• The dimensions of the moon: 196
• The moons orbit with respect to earth and sun: 197
• The mass of the moon: 198
• The rotation of the moon: 200
• The librations of the moon: 201
• The density and surface gravity of the moon: 202
• The question of the moons atmosphere: 203
• Light and heat received from the moon: 204
• The temperature of the moon: 205
• 134138 The surface of the moon: 207
• Moon at 9f days Ritchey Yerkes Observatory: 208
• The Crater Theophilus Ritchey Yerkes Observatory: 210
• Great Crater Clavius Ritchey Yerkes Observatory: 212
• The full moon Wallace Yerkes Observatory: 215
• Effects of the moon on the earth: 217
• 140142 Eclipses of the moon and sun: 218
• CHAPTER VIII: 226
• Relative dimensions of the planetary orbits: 227
• ARTS PAGE 145 Keplers laws of motion: 229
• The law of gravitation: 230
• Johann Kepler Collection of David Eugene Smith 229 87 Isaac Newton Collection of David Eugene Smith: 232
• The conic sections: 234
• The question of other laws of force: 236
• Perturbations: 237
• The discovery of Neptune238: 238
• William Herschel Collection of David Eugene Smith: 239
• John Couch Adams Collection of David Eugene Smith: 240
• The problem of three bodies: 241
• Cause of the tides: 242
• Masses of celestial bodies: 244
• Surface gravity of celestial bodies: 245
• Okbits Dimensions and Masses of the Planets 156 Finding the dimensions of the solar system: 246
• Elements of the orbits of the planets Table: 248
• Dimensions and masses of the planets Table: 255
• Elements of the orbits of the planets 249 V Data on sun moon and planets: 256
• The planetoids: 257
• Trail of Planetoid Egeria Parkhurst Yerkes Observatory: 259
• The question of undiscovered planets: 261
• The zodiacal light and the gegenschein: 262
• CHAPTER IX: 266
• Albedoes and atmospheres of Mercury and Venus: 268
• Surface markings and rotation of Mercury 269 166 The seasons of Mercury: 270
• Surface markings and rotation of Venus: 271
• The seasons of Venus: 272
• Mars 169 The satellites of Mars: 273
• The rotation of Mars: 274
• Mars Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 275
• The albedo and atmosphere of Mars: 276
• The polar caps and temperature of Mars: 277
• The canals of Mars: 283
• Explanations of the canals of Mars: 285
• Mars Mount Wilson Solar Observatory: 286
• Jupiters satellite system: 289
• Discovery of the velocity of light: 291
• Surface markings and rotation of Jupiter: 292
• Jupiter E C Slipher Lowell Observatory: 295
• Physical condition and seasons of Jupiter: 296
• Saturn 181 Saturns satellite system: 297
• 182184 Saturns ring system 299304: 299
• Saturn Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 301
• Surface markings and rotation of Saturn: 305
• Physical condition and seasons of Saturn: 306
• Atmospheres and albedoes of Uranus and Neptune: 307
• Physical conditions of Uranus and Neptune: 308
• CHAPTER X: 311
• BrooksComet Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 312
• The orbits of comets: 313
• The dimensions and masses of comets 316 317 195 Families of comets: 318
• The capture of comets: 320
• On the origin of comets 322: 322
• Theories of comets tails: 323
• Delavans Comet Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 325
• The disintegration of comets: 327
• Historical comets: 328
• Enckes Comet Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 329
• Halleys comet: 332
• Morehouses Comet Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 333
• Halleys Comet Barnard Yerkes Observatory: 335
• Meteors 202 Meteors or shooting stars: 337
• The number of meteors: 338
• Meteoric showers: 339
• ARTS PAGE 206 Connection between comets and meteors: 341
• Effects of meteors on the solar system: 343
• Long Island Kan meteorite Farrington: 344
• Theories respecting the origin of meteors: 345
• CHAPTER XI: 349
• Amount of energy received from sun: 350
• Sources of energy used by man: 351
• Amount of energy radiated by sun: 353
• The temperature of the sun: 354
• Principle of the conservation of energy 355 216 217 Theories of the suns heat 866359: 359
• Past and future of sun on contraction theory: 360
• Spectrum Analysis 220 The nature of light: 365
• On the production of light: 366
• Spectroscopes and the spectrum: 369
• 223226 The laws of spectrum analysis 371375: 371
• The Constitution of the: 377
• Outline of the suns constitution: 378
• The photosphere: 379
• 229231 Sunspots distribution periodicity and motions 381384: 381
• The rotation of the sun: 388
• Rotation of the sun in different latitudes: 389
• The reversing layer: 390
• Chemical constitution of reversing layer: 392
• The chromosphere and prominences 394: 394
• The spectroheliograph: 398
• The corona: 401
• The elevenyear cycle: 404
• CHAPTER XII: 407
• Value of a theory of evolution: 408
• Outline of growth of doctrine of evolution: 410
• General evidences of orderly development: 413
• Distribution of mass in the solar system: 414
• Distribution of moment of momentum: 416
• Distribution of moment of momentum in solar system: 417
• The energy of the solar system: 419
• Outline of the planetesimal theory: 421
• Examples of planetesimal organization: 422
• Suggested origin of spiral nebulae: 424
• Distances of ejection for various initial velocities: 428
• The origin of planets: 431
• The planes of the planetary orbits: 433
• The eccentricities of the planetary orbits: 434
• The rotation of the sun: 436
• The rotation of the planets: 437
• The origin of satellites: 440
• The rings of Saturn: 441
• The planetoids and zodiacal light: 442
• The future of the solar system: 443
• Historical Cosmogonies 261 The hypothesis of Kant: 446
• The hypothesis of Laplace: 449
• Tidal forces and tidal evolution 452: 452
• Effects of tides on motions of the moon: 456
• Tidal evolution of the planets: 460
• CHAPTER XIII: 463
• Number of stars of various magnitudes: 464
• Numbers of stars in magnitudes 5 to 17: 466
• Apparent distribution of the stars: 470
• Distribution of the stars with respect to the Galaxy: 471
• Form and structure of the Milky Way: 473
• Distances and Motions of the Stars 272 Direct parallaxes of nearest stars: 476
• Table of nineteen nearest stars: 478
• Distances of stars from proper motions and radial velocities: 481
• Motion of sun with respect to stars: 482
• Distances of stars from motion of sun: 484
• Kapteyns results on distances of stars: 486
• Distances of moving groups of stars: 487
• Star streams: 490
• On the dynamics of the stellar system: 491
• Runaway stars: 498
• Globular clusters: 502
• Double stars 605: 505
• Orbits and masses of binary stars: 507
• Binary stars whose masses are known: 509
• Spectroscopic binary stars 610: 510
• 287293 Variable stars of various types 615: 523
• The spectra of the stars: 527
• Phenomena associated with spectral types: 530
• On the evolution of the stars: 533
• Tacit assumptions of theories of stellar evolution 634: 543
• On the infinity of the physical universe in space and in time: 548
• Irregular nebulae: 550
• Spiral nebulae: 554
• Ring nebulae: 560

Bibliographic information

• Title: An Introduction to Astronomy
• Author: Forest Ray Moulton
• Publisher: Macmillan, 1918
• Original from: University of Chicago
• Digitized: Nov 10, 2010
• Length: 577 pages