Alternative Fuels: The Future of Hydrogen |
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Page vii
... less oxygen in the fuel, the more easily the hydrogen and carbon will burn. The lower the oxygen content of a fuel, the better it will burn. The ideal fuel would be pure hydrogen. Other factors used in assessing the merits of different ...
... less oxygen in the fuel, the more easily the hydrogen and carbon will burn. The lower the oxygen content of a fuel, the better it will burn. The ideal fuel would be pure hydrogen. Other factors used in assessing the merits of different ...
Page 6
... less hydrocarbons and 30% less carbon dioxide per mile compared to gasoline. It is also less expensive than gasoline on a per gallon-equivalent. Maintenance costs can also be less than those for gasoline engines since natural gas causes ...
... less hydrocarbons and 30% less carbon dioxide per mile compared to gasoline. It is also less expensive than gasoline on a per gallon-equivalent. Maintenance costs can also be less than those for gasoline engines since natural gas causes ...
Page 7
... less flammable than gasoline and results in less severe fires when ignited. Colorants can be added to help identify the flame and baffles or flame arresters at the opening of the tank can be used to inhibit the accidental ignition of ...
... less flammable than gasoline and results in less severe fires when ignited. Colorants can be added to help identify the flame and baffles or flame arresters at the opening of the tank can be used to inhibit the accidental ignition of ...
Page 9
... less hydrocarbons and 60% less nitrogen-oxide pollutants from the tailpipe than earlier cars. New cars were also to have diagnostic capabilities for alerting the driver to malfunctioning emission-control equipment. In October 1993 oil ...
... less hydrocarbons and 60% less nitrogen-oxide pollutants from the tailpipe than earlier cars. New cars were also to have diagnostic capabilities for alerting the driver to malfunctioning emission-control equipment. In October 1993 oil ...
Page 16
... less than 100 megawatts, which is 0.01% of the almost one million megawatts of U.S. generating capacity. Hydrogen R&D President George W. Bush pledged to spend $1.2 billion on hydrogen yet the Department of Energy spends more on nuclear ...
... less than 100 megawatts, which is 0.01% of the almost one million megawatts of U.S. generating capacity. Hydrogen R&D President George W. Bush pledged to spend $1.2 billion on hydrogen yet the Department of Energy spends more on nuclear ...
Contents
| 1 | |
| 33 | |
Fuel and Autos | 65 |
Fuels for the Auto | 99 |
The New Transportation | 123 |
Fuels and the Environment | 149 |
Hydrogen Sources Biomass and Wind Power | 171 |
Alternative Fuel Paths and Solar Hydrogen | 199 |
Infrastructure Choices and Nuclear Hydrogen | 221 |
Index | 241 |
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allow alternative amount areas atmosphere auto automobile batteries become biomass building California carbon carbon dioxide cars century changes chemical coal companies consumed contains converted cost countries demand developed distillation drilling drive early economy efficiency electric emissions energy engines first Ford fossil fuels fuel cell fuel cell vehicles future gallon gases gasoline global greenhouse half heat hybrid hydrocarbons hydrogen fuel important improve increased industry installed Italy less levels light liquid hydrogen lower major manufacturers materials methane methanol miles million models Motors natural gas needed nuclear occur operate oxygen petroleum pollution power plants pressure problems produced range reactor reduce reformer renewable replace result solar sources started stations steam storage stored supply surface tank temperature tion transportation trucks United utility vehicles warming waste wind
Popular passages
Page 45 - An important property is the density. The density of a substance is the weight per given volume, for example, the number of pounds per cubic foot. Specific gravity is a way of expressing the same thing without specifying a unit of measure. It is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance and the weight of an equal volume of pure water at a particular temperature and pressure. In the United States, the specific gravity of oil is measured at 60°F at one atmosphere of pressure.
Page 134 - Directed Technologies is a consultant to Ford. They have stated that hydrogen could be delivered at around the same cost as its equivalent in gasoline, but these figures compare a 24.5-miles-per-gallon gasoline car using taxed gas with an 80-miles-per-gallon fuel cell car using untaxed hydrogen. If both vehicles get 80 miles to the gallon and neither fuel is taxed, hydrogen could cost 2 to 3 times more per mile. Generating hydrogen through renewable sources could reduce these costs. The CARB report...
Page 100 - Old style sliding windows were used and while most electrics are very quiet on the road, the Kewet was loud with road noise and rattles. There was a large front window which steamed up during heavy rains since the defroster was not effective. As electric vehicles became available, do-it-yourself projects became less common, but there were many. John Stockberger of Chicago converted an old Pinto using a surplus military aircraft generator and a burnedout shell found in a wrecking yard. In California...
Page 116 - Toyota believed that there are major cost problems for onboard reformers and saw direct hydrogen as a big technical challenge. Still, it kept working in these areas and its FCHV (fuel cell hybrid vehicle) became the first vehicle in Japan to be certified under the Road Vehicle Act. Volvo has modified a Renault Laguna station wagon with a 30-kilowatt fuel cell, running on liquid hydrogen. The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for Efficiency and Range (FEVER) car was partly financed by the European Union....
Page 209 - Their patent noted how the enormous mass of a ship of the line, which no other known force was able to lift, responded to the slightest wave motions.
Page 159 - ... wetter sub-tropical monsoonal rain belts • longer growing seasons in high latitudes • wetter springtimes in high and...
Page 60 - ... allowing the gasoline to stand in an open vessel for a period of time. In a later method, the natural gas would be passed through absorption chambers (packed columns) where the gasoline was absorbed by naphtha. This evolved into an absorption process where the gasoline is absorbed by a low boiling point gas oil by heating it and stripping the gasoline from it with steam. A process using adsorption was used from about 1920 to 1935. This involved adsorption of the gasoline by charcoal and recovery...
Page 129 - ... gas stations of tomorrow. Hydroelectric dams could also be impacted by fuel cells. With more fuel cells around, electricity prices may fall and dam owners could make more profit selling hydrogen than selling electricity. One study of the near-term hydrogen capacity of the Los Angeles region concluded that hydrogen infrastructure development may not be as severe a technical and economic problem as often stated. The hydrogen fuel option is viable for fuel cell vehicles and the development of hydrogen...
Page 162 - Hydrogen could become a major energy source, reducing US dependence on imported petroleum while diversifying energy sources and reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It could be produced in large refineries in industrial areas, power parks and fueling stations in communities, distributed facilities in rural areas with processes using fossil fuels, biomass, or water as feedstocks and release little or none carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Page 97 - How could this laudable effort at international cooperation succeed, when cars are the major nonstationary culprits and almost every country is filling its roads with more and more of them? The international agreement on global warming signed by 150 countries in Kyoto, Japan, late in 1997 makes the effort to cut down on automobile exhaust even more urgent.