Errors in Eyewitness Memory: Identification of Familiar But Innocent Bystanders from Line-ups |
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accurately addition analysis appearance approximately asked assailant present assailant was absent assailant was present assault assess assistant associated attention bystander was disguised chance college students compared confederates confidence confidence ratings contained contextualized bystander Cornell correct crime decontextualized describe determine differences Discussion disguised effect entered event examine expected experienced experiment Experimental explained exposed eyewitness eyewitness testimony factors false familiar faces feelings of vague females Finally findings foils frequency of identifying function given glasses Graduate higher hypothesis incident incorrect indicate initially innocent bystander involved Journal less line-up identifications Loftus males Member memory trace minutes observed occur overall performed person pick placed presence or absence processing professor Psychology recognition accuracy reported Ross scale scene seen shown significantly Social subjects temporal thesis unconscious transference undisguised University vague familiarity weeks later witness woman women wrongly identified