A Sierra Club Naturalist's Guide to the Pacific Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Western Montana, and the Coastal Forests of Northern California, British Columbia, and Southeastern Alaska |
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Alaska Alaska-cedar alder alpine animals areas bark Basin big sagebrush birds British Columbia California Cascade Range climate Coast Mountains Coast Range common commonly cones conifer forests conifers deciduous dense dominated Douglas-fir drier east eastern Washington elevations evergreen feet fern fire glaciers grand fir grasses grasslands growing season habitats herbs huckleberry Idaho incense-cedar inches inland Klamath Mountains layer lodgepole pine logs lower lowlands mammals meadows moisture mountain hemlock mountain-heather nest normally North Northern Rockies Northwest coastal forest northwestern nutrients occur Olympic Pacific Northwest Pacific silver fir parklands plants ponderosa pine redwood region result River rocks Rocky Mountain sedge seeds shrubs Sierra Sitka spruce slopes snow soil southeastern southern southward southwestern Oregon species squirrels stands subalpine fir summer temperatures timberline tolerant trees understory upslope valleys vegetation volcanic western hemlock western redcedar western white pine whitebark pine wildlife winds winter wood woodlands zone