Fundamentals of Ferrous Metallurgy |
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1000 degrees Fahr acid alloy elements alloy steels alpha iron annealing atoms austenite basic Bessemer Big-End-Down Billet Yield blast furnace Brinell C₁ C₂ carbide carbon content cast iron cementite Cent Carbon Steel chemical chromium cold composition cooling critical range crystalline curve deoxidation dissolved ductility effects electric furnace equilibrium diagram eutectic eutectoid ferrite ferrite and cementite ferrite and pearlite fine-grained freezing grain growth grain size grain size control graphite hardening hearth heat treatment high temperature important ingot ladle Lecture lever law liquid steel low-carbon M₁ manganese martensite mass melting point metallurgy mold walls nickel noted occur open-hearth operations oxide particles pearlite percentage phosphorus physical properties pig iron Pipe plain carbon steel planes precipitate pure metals Quenched reaction rates recrystallization Reheating shown in Fig silicon SiO2 slag solid solution solidification solubility sorbite spheroidized Square Inch steel production structure sulphur surface Temper tion transformation troostite ture