She

going to the East Indies and being there crowned of the East, when a brother of Abdallah, who ha banished by the sheriff, applied to him for assistanc old queen, sister of Charles the Fifth, endeavo counteract the design of an African campaign; but unable to prevent it, and soon died from the effect ation. Meanwhile the king, full of zeal but utter tute of military knowledge, sailed to Africa. dallah, although eighty years of age and in a dyin arranged the order of battle: but he did not live to the victory which his troops obtained; for during of the engagement, and while, with closing eyes, his finger on his lips as a signal that his death concealed, the vital spark escaped. S disappeared, and probably fell in the yet many were for a long time of opinion, that he h made prisoner in consequence of having lost his w that he was living in the condition of a slave, in countries.

The king's great uncle cardinal Henry, one of t of Emanuel, upon the news of this disaster assun crown: he was the only remaining male descen Emanuel, except Auton prior at Crato, an illegitim of the duke of Beja. Don Edward, another of Em sons, had left two daughters; the eldest of whom, was married to the illustrious Alexander Farnese d Parma; but her pretensions were opposed by a funda law of Lamego, by which she was excluded, as foreigner, from the succession: the second, Cathari married the duke of Braganza, and the title to the was legally hers. The old king was conscious of her and intended to declare her his successor but Do Mascarenhas betrayed this circumstance to the S ambassador. The wife of Charles the Fifth, and mo Philip the Second, was a daughter of king Emanu was excluded from the right of succession as a for

but her son aspired to the throne; and on the day when the pious and peaceable old man intended to declare his successor, the jesuits so terrified him with superstitious prognostics and with the power of Philip, that he died at last without having made any decision.

A.D. 1580.

The duke of Braganza was a nobleman of peaceable dispositions and contracted views; and the confusion in which the affairs of France were involved, the hitherto trifling power of Holland, and the disinclination of Queen Elizabeth to foreign wars, cut off all the sources of his hopes. The stratagems and the arms of the duke of Alva rendered Philip master of Portugal: the nobles were gained over, the people terrified, and enterprising individuals put to death under various pretences. A small number of troops was sufficient to secure the government against the attempts of the prior of Crato, which were few and unsuccessful: and Braganza was contented with the dignities bestowed upon him.

Eight hundred and sixty-seven years after the destruction of the monarchy of the Visigoths, the whole peninsula was again united under one head: a great and happy empire, if Philip had only known the first duty of a ruler!

The queen-regent, grandmother of Sebastian, had established, in imitation of what Charles the Fifth had done in Spain, a council of state consisting of spiritual and temporal lords, for the assistance of the young king during his minority. Thisc ouncil, which had been substituted in the room of the former deputies of the states, was abolished by the new sovereign and as it is a standing maxim of despotism, to divide in order to unite under its own power; Philip did not choose that Portugal should possess a common point of union in her ancient capital, and therefore erected at Oporto a separate jurisdiction for the northern provinces.

TURKEY AND THE NORTH OF AFRICA.

SELIM the Second, padisha of the O Turks, whose harem contained two th women, was induced by court intrigues and tempted generous wine of Cyprus, to declare war against the Ve who were masters of that island. Malek el Ashraf Ab Barsabai, nephew of the great Saladin, had rendered th of Cyprus tributary about the year 1226; and Selim, pretence of some infraction of the compact which ha renewed by his ancestors, made himself master of the Mustapha Pasha took the capital Fam after a vigorous defence, and caused its mander, the noble Barberigo, to be cruelly mu These events renewed the terror of Italy, and excit enthusiasm of all the Christians of the south of E who furnished a fleet, under the name of his holines Pius the Fifth (Ghioiliari), the command of which was to Don Juan of Austria, the son of Charles the Fi Barbara Blomberg. This commander, who had bee cated together with Philip's unfortunate son and Alex Farnese, was equal to his two companions in talen their superior in the graces of his person, and in courage: he was only twenty-six years of age when, miral of the Christian fleet, he gave ba the Turks in the famous action of Lep in which their naval power received a shock which not recover for many years.

Don Juan, after this victory, conquered Tunis an serta; and would have founded a powerful kingdom north of Africa, which would have extended to the of the Atlantic, and over countries which were the g ries of southern Europe, if he had not been prevent the jealousy of Philip. After his removal, Serbellone,

mandant of the citadel of Tunis, was left destitute of succour, and was therefore obliged to surrender the fortress to Sinari, the captain pasha, who sent the prince, a descendant of the Abuhaffidæ, who had been governor of the place under the protection of Spain, in chains to Constantinople. Don Juan never came again into this country: he was appointed governor of the Belgic provinces; and after undergoing innumerable vexations, by which his constitution was weakened, he died, not without suspicion of having taken poison. The duke of Parma quitted the world in a similar manner: and Don Carlos, infant of Spain, had already been executed by order

A. D. 1576.

A.D. 1599.

A. D. 1568.

of his father.

The Turks, notwithstanding their defeat at Lepanto, still retained possession of the kingdom of Cyprus; but from that time they made no considerable conquests during sixty years. Morad, Mehmed, and Achmed, the successors of Selim, abandoned themselves to voluptuousness, and forgot both friends and enemies. Ibrahim Pasha, grand visier of the Third Mohammed, or Mehmed, procured the abolition of the offices of the six visiers who had seats in the divan; and the padisha, contented with having put to death his nineteen brothers, whose bodies were thrown into the sea, left the management of all business to his minister, and reserved nothing for himself but the enjoyments of his seraglio.

SECTION VII.

SITUATION OF ITALY.

IN Italy, Milan, Naples, and Sicily were subject to Spain. The voluptuous reign of pope Julius the Third was followed by the haughty government of Caraffa, or Paul the Fourth, who was succeeded by Pius the Fourth or Medighino, and Pius the Fifth or Ghisilieri, distinguished

for their holy zeal. Buoncompagni, or Grego Thirteenth, reigned next, whose piety and good in inspired veneration; and afterwards Montalto, w the name of Sixtus the Fifth. The measures of thi were directed by the wise and steady policy of statesman: he did not neglect his duties on accoun power of the church: he established a system of p Rome, which had hitherto been the scene of the of powerful nobles, and he accumulated a treasure ture emergencies: he was well aware of the hypo Philip, and was secretly the enemy of his policy. brandini, Pope Clement the Eighth, found it indisp necessary to adopt the severity of his predecessor rule of his conduct, on account of the licentiousnes nobles, who, under the long reign of the mild Bu pagni, had entirely thrown off the restraints of socia The ruling dynasty of Este, at Ferrara and Mod came extinct: Cæsar, the descendant of an unequ riage, became duke of Modena, and t Aldobrandini took Ferrara from the fa Cosmo the first grand duke of Tuscany, whom compared with Augustus, had also a melancholy blance to the fate of that emperor in his domestic tunes: a duke of Ferrara poisoned Lucretia his daughter of the grand duke; Orsini, a prince, four cause for putting to death Isabella, the sister of the the cardinal John de Medici was murdered by his Garcia in consequence of a hunting quarrel; Cos father of both the young men, killed Garcia with hand; their wretched mother died of grief: and th duke caused his eldest daughter to be poisoned, on of an unbecoming attachment.

Francis the Second, grand du A. D. 1576-1587. his fate in the following extrac manner: Pedro Buonaventuri, a young Florentine, learning commerce at Venice, resided near the p