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AaBb AaBbCc alleles amino acid analysis antigen autosomal bacterial bacteriophage base pairs biochemical called cells centromere chain Chapter chemical chro chromatids chromo chromosome coli color complex contain cross crossover cytoplasm DdWw diploid DNA polymerase DNA synthesis Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster dwarf enzyme eukaryotic example expression F₁ F₂ female function gametes gene pairs gene products genetic information genetic material genome genotypes haploid helix heterozygous homologous homozygous human hybridization individuals inheritance initial involved linkage loci locus male meiosis meiotic Mendel's mitosis mitotic molecular molecules monohybrid cross mosome mRNA mutagenic mutations netic normal nucleic acid nucleotide observed occurs offspring organisms P₁ parent percent phage phenotype plants plasmids present produced protein ratio recessive recombination region replication result ribosomes sequence sex determination sex-linked shown in Figure single specific strains strands structure studies syndrome tall technique tetrad tion traits transcription translocation tRNA variation viral viruses wild-type X chromosome